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Greek: Hypo
Latin: Sub
Latin: Sub
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Greek and Latin of "Under"
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Anatomy (word origin & function)
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Word Origin: To take apart
Function: Structure
Function: Structure
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Physiology (word origin & function)
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Word Origin: Study of Natural Phenomena
Function: Study of how the human body works
Function: Study of how the human body works
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Anatomy & Physiology
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helpful for understanding mechanisms (to know how body functions and to understand illness)
improve communication among health professionals
improve communication among health professionals
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Anatomical Terminology
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shared/common language to receive and give instructions that are understandable for their colleagues
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Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
System
Organism
Cellular
Tissue
System
Organism
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Levels of Organization (Enumerate)
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Molecular Organization
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molecule like glucose or ATP
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Cellular Organization
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cell comes together to form tissues
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Cell
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Basic unit of life
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Tissue
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combined together to create every single organ in the body
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
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Types of Tissues
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Epithelial Tissue
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type of tissue that lines the interior and exterior body surfaces
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Muscle Tissue
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type of tissue responsible for locomotion or propulsion
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Nervous Tissue
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type of tissue that are responsible for communication; direct wiring from the brain out to the periphery and back to the brain
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Connective Tissue
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type of tissue that provides support for the body and connects its parts; glue that hold our body together
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System Organization
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organs come together to combine and form a system
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Cardiovascular System that is consist of the heart, the pump, associated blood vessels, arteries and veins and exchange vessels (capillaries)
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Example of System Organization
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Organism Organization
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highest level of organization
put all the organs of the body systems together and you have a functioning living organism
put all the organs of the body systems together and you have a functioning living organism
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Terms based on:
1. Region (Ex. Femur (Thigh))
2. Shape (Ex. Foramen Magnum (big hole))
3. Function (Ex. Flexor Digitorum (flexes the fingers))
4. Clever Story (Ex. Sartorious (tailor))
5. Discoverer (Ex. Vein of "Galen") - useless
1. Region (Ex. Femur (Thigh))
2. Shape (Ex. Foramen Magnum (big hole))
3. Function (Ex. Flexor Digitorum (flexes the fingers))
4. Clever Story (Ex. Sartorious (tailor))
5. Discoverer (Ex. Vein of "Galen") - useless
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Origins of Anatomical Terms
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Glue
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Coll means?
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Blue
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Cyano means?
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Slow
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Brady means?
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Away
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Ab- means?
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Patent Foramen Ovale
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Patent - open
Foramen - a hole through connective tissue
Ovale - oval
oval hole in the middle or the septum
Foramen - a hole through connective tissue
Ovale - oval
oval hole in the middle or the septum
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What structural feature of the bronchus maintains a patent airay?
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Cartilaginous rings - rings of cartilage around the tube to be open, prevents that straw from collapsing so we can breathe
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Coronal (frontal) plane
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divides the body into front half and back half
scan will show a circle creating a crown shape
scan will show a circle creating a crown shape
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Sagittal plane (longitudinal)
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dividing into left and right
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Midsagittal plane
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exactly down the midline; equal
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Para sagittal plane
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divides the body into unequal left and right halves
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Transverse (cross-sectional or axial) plane
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divides the body into upper and lower portions
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Transverse plane
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common in x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs
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the left lung is where the heart is more toward
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How do you know where is the left lung in an x-ray?
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from posterior to anterior because the structures that are closer to the x-ray machine looks larger
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How do we shoot x-rays?
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Supanation
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palms up
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Pronated
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palms down
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Deep
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Away from the body surface; more internal
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Superficial
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near the surface like integument
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Prototypical Neurovascular Bundle
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has nerves and blood vessels all grouped together to service that one limb compartment
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Parietal
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pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
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Visceral
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pertaining to the internal organs
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Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
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Abdominal Quadrants
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Surface Anatomy
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- can be used to locate deep organs
- the basis for physical assessment
- the basis for physical assessment
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Intercostal Spaces
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(Costa = rib, Inter = between)
- spaces between the ribs; depressions where you can find the muscles of thoracic wall
- useful for when you want to hear heart sounds
- spaces between the ribs; depressions where you can find the muscles of thoracic wall
- useful for when you want to hear heart sounds
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Liver
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What is at the right upper quadrant?
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Stomach and spleen
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What is at the left upper quadrant?
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Appendix
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What is at the right lower quadrant?
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Sigmoid Colon before it enters the Rectum
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What is at the left lower quadrant?
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Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
Left iliac (inguinal) region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
Left iliac (inguinal) region
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Regions of the Abdomen
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Hypochondriac (Hypo = below, Chondro = cartilage)
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distal ends of the ribs are cartilage down here
region below the cartilage
region below the cartilage
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Epigastric (Epi = above, Gastric = stomach)
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regions right above the stomach
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Left Hypochondriac
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Spleen
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Right Lumbar (Lumbar = back/loin)
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Ascending colon, Large intestine goes up in the abdomen and cross the abdomen and come down
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Umbilical Region
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useful starting point
contains the small intestine
contains the small intestine
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Left Lumbar
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contains the descending large intestine
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Right Iliac (Inguinal)
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between iliac and pelvic bone
there's a ligament that creates canal for structures to pass through
there's a ligament that creates canal for structures to pass through
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Inguinal
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named after iliac bone
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Hypogastric (pubic)
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directly below the stomach
pubic bone, bladder, uterus (for females) are found here
pubic bone, bladder, uterus (for females) are found here
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Right and Left lung
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can be found within the pleural cavities
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Mediastinum
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cavity that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, great vessels of the heart
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Cranial Cavity
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body cavity containing the brain and spinal cord
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Pericardial Cavity
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body cavity that contains the heart
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Pleural Cavity
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body cavity that contains the lungs
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Peritoneal (Abdominopelvic) Cavity
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body cavity that contains the GI tract and reproductive organs
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Diaphragm
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separates the superior cavities (2 pleural cavities & pericardial cavity) from the more inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity
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Body cavities
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Potential spaces
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It's spaces that can potentially filled up with other things that should not be there like air, fluid, (if you have infection), and blood
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Why is it called potential spaces?
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If that happens, it will start to compress the organs. For example, when blood, air, or fluid enters the pleural cavity, it can collapse the lungs and if it collapses, you cannot do gas exchange
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What happens if potential spaces are filled with things that should not be there like air, fluid, and blood?
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Visceral Pericardium
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(Peri = around, Cardium = heart)
membrane that is attached to the surface of the heart and visceral because it is attached to the organ
membrane that is attached to the surface of the heart and visceral because it is attached to the organ
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Parietal Pericardium
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membrane within the wall
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Effusion
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fluid existing in a potential space
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Aspiration
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extracting the fluid/blood
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Blood flow stops and called "Cardiac Tamponade"
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What if blood gets trapped within the pericardial cavity and compresses the heart enough?
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Axial Region
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structures that exist right on the midline
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appendages or limbs are attached to the skeleton
ie. Upper Limb & Lower Limb
ie. Upper Limb & Lower Limb
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Appendicular Skeleton
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ilium, ischium, pubis
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Pelvic bones
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