The increase in the number of individuals in a population
Total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates
Based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population will be when they die
The number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age
The number of deaths of children under five years of age in a given year per 1,000 children in this age group
The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes
Characterised by the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight or obesity
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting, protecting, and improving health through the organised efforts of society
Relates to a system's natural, social, human, infrastructure, and financial capital
The general ability of institutions, systems, and individuals to adjust to potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities and to cope with consequences
The extent to which health or the natural or social systems, on which health outcomes depend on, are sensitive to changes in weather and climate and the characteristics of the population
The exposure to the weather or climate-related hazard, including the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation
The sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations
High caloric/ caloric dense diet with sedentary lifestyle
- Size of population
- Life expectancy
- Infant and child mortality
- Maternal mortality
- Fertility levels
-Non-communicable diseases
-Communicable, neonatal, maternal, and nutritional diseases
-Injuries, violence, self-harm and accident
- Population data
- Health/ disease profile
- Socioeconomic ladder of good health
- Popular, cultural or lay approaches
- Medical approach
- Holistic definitions
Health as:
- not ill/ diseased
- a reserve
- a behaviour, (the healthy life)
- physical fitness
- energy/ vitality (physical and psychosocial)
- social relationships (helping, good relationships)
- function (ability to do things)
- psycho-social well-being (feeling happy)
- The standard medical definition of health refers to health as the absence of disease
- Freedom from disease or ailment (basis of majority of definitions)
Mechanistic: Health is the body working efficiently
Breakdown in body system = not healthy
Reductionist: Fix part that is not working
- Promotes capitalist value system, people as forces of production
- If body not diseased then healthy
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
- 1999 added spiritual well-being
A factor or characteristic that brings about a change in health, either for the better or worse
People who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged
The absence of systematic disparities in health between and within social groups that have different levels of underlying social advantages or disadvantages - that is different positions in a social hierarchy
(distribution of resources according to need)
Measurable difference in health status between individuals, groups or populations
(inequity leads to inequalities)
- Premature death and disability associated with NCDs and chronic diseases
-'industrial epidemics' and 'profit driven' epidemics
- Cancers including lung cancer, obesity and overweight, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, cirrhosis, and injuries
- Globalisation
- Capitalism
-Internationalisation, and corporate growth and expansion
- Between corporations and governments with conflicting interests, and between corporations
- Individual citizens, driving behaviours that harm health
- Gender (not sex)
- Ethnicity
- Religion
- Minority group membership (linked with sexuality)
- Education
- Employment and occupation
- Income
- Social support including family
- Community resources
- Living conditions (housing)
- Access to health services
- Food security
The gender roles and/or expectations/ stereotypes particular to being male or female in society
Relates to the state of belonging to a social group that has common national or cultural traditions or rules that govern decision
A group of people with common interests or characteristics which distinguish them from the more numerous majority of the population of which they form a part
Could be linked to sexuality, race or culture
Number of years of formal schooling including school and/ or university
Employment refers to the state of being paid for organised task related activities.
Occupation refers to the type of work one does (blue or white collar conditions)
Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments and/or government support
The perception and actuality that one is cared for, has assistance available from other people (emotional, social and physical), and that one is part of a supportive social network.
SD Income
Facilities and infrastructure in place within a given community to support activities of daily life. (includes public transport infrastructure, playgrounds, roads, pathways and shops)
If services are available (location/ space), accessible (cost) and appropriate (fits with needs), then the opportunity to obtain health care exists, and a population may 'have access' to services
When people have reliable access to sufficient , affordable, and nutritious food to support a healthy life
Features of the homes/ dwelling that an individual resides in including features such as: heat, light, damp, security and space/size of dwelling/ overcrowding and cramped living conitions
SD Food security
Act on micro and meso levels:
- Lifestyle, behaviour
- Demography, local physical environment, host constitution
- health system most operates here
- many of these non medical determinants can avert or minimise the need for expensive medical care
('your')
National, institutional, political, legal, and cultural factors that indirectly influence health by acting on the more proximal factors, their interrelated mechanisms, levels, trends, and distributions
- culture that shapes behavioural choices
- more stable than proximal
('system')
a measure of body weight relative to height
- overweight >85% obese >95%
Any bodily movement as produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure
A subset of physical activity defined as "planned, structure and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of fitness"
the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing
Age
Sex
Experience
- Workplace organisation
- Workplace characteristics
- Workplace cultures
- Workplace Exposures
- Politics
- Technology
- WHS laws
- Economy
- Community (diverse workplaces)
- increased mmigration
- increased women participation
- Ageing populaiton
- Changing work structures
- Environment
- Research and knowledge
Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Ethnocentrism
- generalised belief about a particular category of people.
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group
- Access to clean water and hygienic sanitation services
- Housing conditions
- Air quality
- Work environment
- Exposure to extreme weather conditions
Tend to suffer most from household exposures, such as those relating to a lack of access to clean water and sanitation
- exposure to indoor pollution, from inadequately ventilated burning of biomass fuels for cooking and heating
Focus on changing the way we live to minimise the impacts and take advantage of the opportunities associated with the projected changes
- seeks to moderate or avoid harm, or exploit beneficial opportunities
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