question
what is the first thing we should do before collecting a sample?
answer
aseptically prepare the area if possible
question
Plate suspected pathogens on primary mediums:
answer
•Blood agar or MacConkey agar
•Incubate for 18 to 24 hours - examine for growth
•Incubate for 18 to 24 hours - examine for growth
question
Blood Agar
answer
•Grows both gram-positive and gram-negative
•Selection of colonies is preferable
•Selection of colonies is preferable
question
MacConkey Agar
answer
•Gram-positive organisms do not grow
•May inhibit growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria
•May inhibit growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria
question
Bacterial cell morphology
answer
•Prokaryotic - no nuclear membrane
•Small - 0.2 to 2.0 mcg
•Have requirements for temperature, pH-6.5-7.5, oxygen tension, and nutrition
•Small - 0.2 to 2.0 mcg
•Have requirements for temperature, pH-6.5-7.5, oxygen tension, and nutrition
question
obligate aerobes
answer
require O2 to survive
question
obligate anaerobes
answer
growth inhibited or killed in the presence of O2
question
facilitated anaerobes
answer
can survive in O2 but growth is limited
question
Microaerophilic
answer
prefer reduced O2 tension
question
Capnophilic
answer
require high levels of carbon dioxide
question
Gram (+) cocci
answer
•Streptococcus spp.
•Staphylococcus spp.
•Staphylococcus spp.
question
Gram (+) rods
answer
•Anthrax, Listeria, Enterococcus spp.
question
Acid fast bacteria
answer
•Mycobacterium spp.
question
Gram (-) bacteria
answer
-Brucella spp., Bartonella spp., E.coli, Klebsiella spp
question
Anaerobes (GI tract)
answer
•Clostridium spp., Actinomyces spp.
question
Spirochetes and Curved Bacteria (urine and mucosa)
answer
Leptospirosis spp
question
Obligate intracellular organisms
answer
•Chlamydia spp.
question
Staphylococcus hyicus
answer
gram (+) cocci
question
Streptococcus pnuemoniae
answer
gram (+) cocci
question
Staphylococcus aureus
answer
gram (+) cocci
question
Streptococcus equi equi
answer
gram (+) cocci
question
Trueperella pyogenes
answer
gram (+) rods
question
Bacillus anthracis
answer
gram (+) rods
question
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
answer
gram (+) rods
question
Dermatophilus congolensis
answer
gram (+) rods
question
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
answer
gram (+) rods
question
Moraxella bovis
answer
gram (-) rods
question
Brucella abortus
answer
gram (-) rods
question
Family Enterobacteriaceae (gram - rods)
answer
•Escherichia coli
•Salmonella spp.
•Salmonella spp.
question
Family Pasteurellaceae (gram - rods)
answer
•Pasteurella multocida
•Mannheimia haemolytica
•Histophilus somni
•Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
•Mannheimia haemolytica
•Histophilus somni
•Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
question
Acid fast
answer
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium avium
Mycobacterium avium avium
question
Spirochetes
answer
Leptospirosis spp.
Borrelia burgdorferi
Borrelia burgdorferi
question
anerobic bacteria
answer
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium chauvoei
Dichelobacter nodosus
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium chauvoei
Dichelobacter nodosus
question
obligate intracellular bacteria
answer
Coxiella burnetti
Chlamydophila psittaci
Chlamydophila psittaci
question
Family Anaplasmataceae (obligate intracellular bacteria)
answer
•Erlichia canis
•Anaplasma marginalis
•Neorickettsia risticii
•Anaplasma marginalis
•Neorickettsia risticii
question
Family Rickettsiaceae (obligate intracellular bacteria)
answer
•Rickettsia rickettsia
•Rickettsia felis
•Rickettsia felis
question
Indirect sensitivity testing
answer
Requires that colony samples be taken from a culture plate and subcultured in broth media
question
what is an advantage to indirect sensitivity testing?
answer
Indirect testing is more precise than direct testing, but results are not available as quickly
question
Direct sensitivity testing
answer
Application of undiluted samples (urine) directly to a Mueller-Hinton plate
question
What are some of the disadvantages to direct testing?
answer
Not as precise
Reasonable results if only one organism is present
Interpret with caution if multiple organisms are present
Reasonable results if only one organism is present
Interpret with caution if multiple organisms are present
question
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing
answer
Performed to determine the susceptibility or resistance to specific antimicrobial drugs
•based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
•based on Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
question
What is an MIC?
answer
the lowest concentration (in μg/mL) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria.
question
What are some advantages of using antimicrobial sensitivity testing?
answer
helps determine which class of antibiotic is most effective
helps vet choose antibiotic that will increase chances of treatment success and slow antibiotic resistance
helps vet choose antibiotic that will increase chances of treatment success and slow antibiotic resistance
question
When choosing an appropriate drug, factors to take into consideration include:
answer
•MIC and breakpoint for the antibiotic
•site of the infection
•animal's health
•frequency and route of administration
cost of the antibiotic
•site of the infection
•animal's health
•frequency and route of administration
cost of the antibiotic
question
Agar diffusion method
answer
•Uses paper disks impregnated with antimicrobials
•Quantitative and requires the measurement of inhibitory zone sizes
•Gives an estimate of susceptibility
•Concentrations on disks correlate with therapeutic levels of the drugs in tested animals
•Quantitative and requires the measurement of inhibitory zone sizes
•Gives an estimate of susceptibility
•Concentrations on disks correlate with therapeutic levels of the drugs in tested animals
question
modified kirby-bauer method
answer
•U.S. Food and Drug Administration method
question
Colony count
answer
•After incubation all colonies are counted and multiplied by 100 to determine the number of colony-forming units per millimeter of urine
question
Mycology
answer
study of fungi
question
Fungal characteristics
answer
•Heterotrophs
•Parasitic or saprophytic (decomposers)
•Most multicellular - except yeast
•Eukaryotic cells with cell walls of chitin
•Large webs (mycelium) of slender tubes (hyphae)
•Grow toward food sources
•Digest food internally - enzymes
•Yeasts reproduce by budding
•Parasitic or saprophytic (decomposers)
•Most multicellular - except yeast
•Eukaryotic cells with cell walls of chitin
•Large webs (mycelium) of slender tubes (hyphae)
•Grow toward food sources
•Digest food internally - enzymes
•Yeasts reproduce by budding
question
Dermatophytes
answer
•fungi that invade hair, nails, and superficial layers of the skin.
•Wood's lamp sometimes useful
•Wood's lamp sometimes useful
question
Malassezia pachydermatis
answer
external otitis and dermatitis
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Micosporum spp. and Trycophyton spp
answer
ringworm dermatitis
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Candida albicans yeast
answer
•Avian respiratory and GI tracts, canine and feline skin, equine reproductive system
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Coccidioides immitis
answer
Pneumonia
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Cryptococcus neoformans
answer
Cats with rhinitis
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Histoplasma capsulatum
answer
Pneumonia, disseminated infection
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Blastomyces dermatitidis
answer
Cutaneous lesions [draining tracts], dyspnea, anorexia, lameness with osteomyelitis
pathogenic yeast
pathogenic yeast
question
Sporothrix schenckii
answer
Ulcerative dermatitis pathogenic yeast
question
Nosocomial Infections are:
answer
Infections acquired from hospital environment, another patient, or a health care provider
question
What are some viruses we can come into contact with in the hospital causing nosocomial infections if not dealt with properly?
answer
•Canine distemper, canine parvovirus
•Feline panleukopenia
•Respiratory viral pathogens
•Feline panleukopenia
•Respiratory viral pathogens
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