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Mycobacterium spp.
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A group of organisms that has a high lipid content within their cell wall
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Mycoplasma spp.
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a group of organisms that do not have cell walls
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Acid-fast bacilli
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slow growing organisms that may require several weeks before visible colonies are seen
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decolorization
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Because of the high concentration of lipid in their cell wall, acid-fast bacilli resist ? and do not responds well to the Gram stain
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free living
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Acid-fast bacilli are found ? in the soil and water
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Obligate pathogens
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exclusively cause human diseases
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Saprophytes (Opportunistic) pathogens
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found in the environment that may not produce human disease
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Myocobacterium tuberculosis
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Is the etiogical agent of tuberculosis (TB)
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Tuberculosis (TB)
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is spread from person to person via the inhalation of air born particles called droplet nuclei
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Mycobacterium bovis
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most commonly associated with animal tuberculosis and sometimes human tuberculosis
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Indistinguishable
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Human diseases caused by M. bovis are ? from that caused by M. tuberculosis
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beef
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Human infections of mycobacterium bovis are acquired by the consumption of unpasteurized milk or uncooked...
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Sputum
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Specimen of choice of Mycobacterium spp
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2-4% Sodium hydroxide
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used to kill contaminating normal flora and prevent its overgrowth during the extended incubation time
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13% Zephran trisodium phosphate
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Allows the specimen to be exposed to decontamination for longer periods without affecting the recovery of acid-fast bacilli
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N-acetyl-l-cysteine
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A mucolytic agent that digest the mucous and protein conjugate (mucoprotein) that surrounds the acid-fast bacteria
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3-11% CO2
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Mycobacterium spp are slow growing, obligate aerobes that grow best in an atmosphere of ? at 37 degrees Celcius
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egg and potato
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Most media used in the isolation of Mycobacterium spp are ? and ? based
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egg-based
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Lowenstein-Jensen and Petragnani are ? media that contain malachite green
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Malachite green
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an inhibitory dye that controls the overgrowth of contaminating bacteria
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Petragnani medium
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contains a higher concentration of malachite green
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antimicrobial sensitivity
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Middlebrook 7H10 is used to detect early growth of microscopic colonies and to perform ? testing of Mycobacterium spp
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gram variable
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Because of their concentration of waxy (lipid) material makes it difficult for the safranin counterstain to penetrate making them appear as ? organisms
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Ziehl-Neelsen
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The two types of stains most widely used to stain Mycobacterium spp are the ? and the Kinyoun acid-fast
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red
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Mycobacterium species appear microscopically as ? organisms against a blue background
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Chlamydia spp
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non-motile obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens which require a host to complete their life cycle
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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human pathogen that is the most commonly sexually transmitted bacterial agent
**Causes trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis and Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
**Causes trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis and Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
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Chlamydia psittaci
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infects birds and other mammals. Human contact is though exposure to infected birds and the organism is shed in the feces of infected birds.
**Causes a respiratory disease like pneumonia
**Causes a respiratory disease like pneumonia
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Chlamydia pneumoniae
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Has been isolated from patients with respiratory infections and causes a lower respiratory tract disease almost always characterized by pneumonia
**Isolated in endocarditis
**Isolated in endocarditis
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cervix or urethra
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Chlamydia trachomatis specimen is best collected by vigorous scraping of the involved epithelial tissue of the ? or ?
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ELISA
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The most common methods used to detect chlamydia spp. include ? and immunofluorescence
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Chicken eggs
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All Chlamydia spp can be isolated in embryonated ? and cell cultures
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Mycoplasma spp
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belong to the class Mollicutes which are the smallest free-living microorganisms that have a "soft skin" and no evidence of a cell wall being present
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saprophytes
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Mycoplasma spp are found as free-living ? in soil and water
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Commensal organisms
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Mycoplasma spp are ? that colonize the mucous membranes of some animals
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Opportunistic
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In humans mycoplasma spp. are ?, causing diseases of the respiratory and genitourinary tracts
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2-20 days
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Colonies of Mycoplasma spp are detectable within ? or more
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fried egg
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On enrichment media Mycoplasma spp form large colonies that often have a typical ? appearance
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Supravital dyes
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used in the Dienes method are used to enhance colony characteristics of Mycoplasma spp
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Darkfield microscopy
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Microscopic observation of Mycoplasma spp is performed using phase contrast or ?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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the major cause of primary atypical pneumonia also called "Walking pneumonia" endemic year round
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Mycoplasma hominis
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an opportunistic organism that has been isolated from the genital tracts of asymptomatic males and females
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abortions
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Mycoplasma hominis is the primary cause of spontaneous ? and post-partum fever in women
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neonates
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Mycoplasma hominis is known to cause respiratory disease in
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fastidious
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Mycoplasma spp are slow-growing ? microorganisms that require enrichment medium cantaining precursors for nucleic acid, protein and lipid biosynthesis
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95% nitrogen
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Mycoplasma spp grow best at 35-37 degrees Celcius in air or in atmospheric environment enriched with ? and 5% CO2
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