question
What are the methods of Identifying Microoorganisms?
answer
- Morphological characteristics = useful for identifying eukaryotes
- Differential staining
- Biochemical tests = determine presence of bacterial enzymes
- Serology = immune responses
- Phage Typing = liable to specific phage
- DNA, Nucleic Acid Assays
- Differential staining
- Biochemical tests = determine presence of bacterial enzymes
- Serology = immune responses
- Phage Typing = liable to specific phage
- DNA, Nucleic Acid Assays
question
What is Differential staining?
answer
- First step in identification
- Not useful in identifying wall-less bacteria
ex: Gram Stain
ex: Acid Fast Stain
- Not useful in identifying wall-less bacteria
ex: Gram Stain
ex: Acid Fast Stain
question
What is the Acid Fast Stain?
answer
- Used for Atypical Cell Walls
- Differentiates bacteria into groups
- Binds only to bacteria with wazy material (mycolic acid) in cell wall
- Commonly used to identify Mycobacterium/Nocardia
- Differentiates bacteria into groups
- Binds only to bacteria with wazy material (mycolic acid) in cell wall
- Commonly used to identify Mycobacterium/Nocardia
question
What is the process of Acid Fast Stain?
answer
- Stain with carbolfuchsin, heat slide
- Acid alcohol to decolorize
- Non-acid fast bacteria = colorless
- Counter stained with methylene blue
Mycobacterium stain Red
- Acid alcohol to decolorize
- Non-acid fast bacteria = colorless
- Counter stained with methylene blue
Mycobacterium stain Red
question
What are Biochemical tests?
answer
- Identify bacteria by detecting enzymes
question
What is the Catalse Test?
answer
- Identifies bacteria that have catalse
- H2O2 reacts with catalase
- H2O2 reacts with catalase
question
is the Fermentation Test?
answer
- Bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid
- Causing the pH indicator to change colour
- Red/orange = no acid
- Yellow = acid
- Causing the pH indicator to change colour
- Red/orange = no acid
- Yellow = acid
question
What is the Oxidase Test?
answer
- Identifies bacteria that have cytochrome oxidase
ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
ex: Pseudomonas spp
ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
ex: Pseudomonas spp
question
What are Rapid Identification tests?
answer
- Made for groups of medically important bacteria (enterics)
- Perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
- Can identify bacteria in 4-24 hours
- Perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
- Can identify bacteria in 4-24 hours
question
What is Serology?
answer
- Science that studies serum and immune response in serum
- In an antiserum, a solution of Ab is tested against unknown bacteria
- In an antiserum, a solution of Ab is tested against unknown bacteria
question
What is the Serology slide agglutination test?
answer
- Bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antiserum-containing Ab's produce in response to species
question
What is the Serology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)?
answer
- Known antibodies and unknown bacterium are added to a well
- Rxn identifies the bacteria rapidly via computer
- Rxn identifies the bacteria rapidly via computer
question
What is the Serology Western Blotting?
answer
- Identifies antibodies in a patients serum
- Confirms HIV infection
- Diagnoses Lymes
- Confirms HIV infection
- Diagnoses Lymes
question
What is Phage Typing?
answer
- Very Specific Test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to
question
What is the Procedure of Phage Typing?
answer
- Strain in question is grown on plate
- A drop of different phage type is placed on bacteria
- Clearings called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells
- A drop of different phage type is placed on bacteria
- Clearings called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells
question
What is used to distinguish Salmonella enterica serotypes and S.aureus types?
answer
- Phage Typing
question
What is the DNA base composition test?
answer
- Percentage of Guanine + Cytosine
- 2 organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of various bases
- 2 organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of various bases
question
What is the DNA Fingerprint test?
answer
- Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests of an organisms DNA and known organisms DNA
- Restriction fragments compared
- Restriction fragments compared
question
What is a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test?
answer
- Use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that cannot be cultured
- Can then use electrophoresis to evaluate
- Can then use electrophoresis to evaluate
question
What is Nucleic Acid Hybridization test?
answer
- Measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism
- Greater degree of hybridization = more related
- Greater degree of hybridization = more related
question
What is the DNA Southern Blotting test?
answer
- Uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microorganisms using DNA probes
question
What is the DNA chip Microarray test?
answer
- Contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample
- Includes Ribotyping and FISH
- Includes Ribotyping and FISH
question
Explain the Mechanism for resistance to antimicrobial drugs: Biofilm Persister Cells
answer
- Microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic
- Dormant, non-dividing state
- May facilitate chronic infection
- Dormant, non-dividing state
- May facilitate chronic infection
question
Explain the Mechanism for resistance to antimicrobial drugs: Superbugs
answer
- Bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics
- MRSA
- MRSA
question
Explain the Mechanism for resistance to antimicrobial drugs: Resistance Genes
answer
- Spread horizonataly among bacteria on plasmids or tranposons via conjugation or transduction
question
What are the Mechanisms of resistance?
answer
- Enzymatic destruction or inactivation of the drug
- Prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe
- Alteration of the drugs target site
- Rapid efflux of the antibiotic
- Variations of mechanisms of resistance
- Prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe
- Alteration of the drugs target site
- Rapid efflux of the antibiotic
- Variations of mechanisms of resistance
question
(Chemotherapy) What is the Disk Diffusion test?
answer
- Tests effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents
- Paper disks with chemotherapeutic agent are placed on agar containing the test organisms
- Zone of inhibition around the disk determines the sensitivity of the organisms to the antibiotic
- Paper disks with chemotherapeutic agent are placed on agar containing the test organisms
- Zone of inhibition around the disk determines the sensitivity of the organisms to the antibiotic
question
(Chemotherapy) What is the E test (for Epsilometer): Gradient Fusion?
answer
- Determines the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
- Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth
- Greater information than disk-diffusion method
- Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth
- Greater information than disk-diffusion method
question
What are Broth Dilution Tests?
answer
- Determine the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of an antimicrobial drug
- Antibiograms = reports that record the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically
- Antibiograms = reports that record the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically
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