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Medical anthropology
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Study of human health and disease, health-related behavior, and healing and health care from the perspective of anthropology
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Name Debate
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debate on using medical anthropology instead of an alternative term like health anthropology
issues:
term medical can be tied to bio medicine and can make it non inclusive. can also think that biomedicine is better than all of them, establishing a hierarchy.
issues:
term medical can be tied to bio medicine and can make it non inclusive. can also think that biomedicine is better than all of them, establishing a hierarchy.
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4 factors that form the biosocial processes of disease
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1. human biology
2. systems of belief
3. structures of social relationship
4. environmental conditions
2. systems of belief
3. structures of social relationship
4. environmental conditions
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The Straits Expedition and W.H.R. Rivers
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Indigenous Australian peoples
3 british researchers
Diverse data collected
Major findings - ethnomedical practices in preliterate societies constitute internally coherent structures of cultural beliefs about the cause of healing
3 british researchers
Diverse data collected
Major findings - ethnomedical practices in preliterate societies constitute internally coherent structures of cultural beliefs about the cause of healing
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W.H.R. Rivers
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Father of medical anthropology
Incorporated health related issues into anthropology.
Asserted that indigenous healing is characterized by manipulation, though spells and other rituals.
Incorporated health related issues into anthropology.
Asserted that indigenous healing is characterized by manipulation, though spells and other rituals.
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Applied
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:does our observations change the ones observed? Are we applying what we learned?
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Academic
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ethical dilemma, teaching preferred point of view
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5 areas that medical anth is related to
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1. anth
2. paleopathology
3. public health
4. epidemiology
5. bioethics
2. paleopathology
3. public health
4. epidemiology
5. bioethics
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Evolutionary and Ecological
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Evolutionary processes, human genetic variation, and susceptibility to disease
Evolutionary medicine
Theory of natural selection
Environment
Biotic, abiotic, cultural
Change
Equilibrium
CRITIQUES:
Adaptation theory
Application of methods derived from studies of animals to humans
Carrying capacity
Genetic determination
Evolutionary medicine
Theory of natural selection
Environment
Biotic, abiotic, cultural
Change
Equilibrium
CRITIQUES:
Adaptation theory
Application of methods derived from studies of animals to humans
Carrying capacity
Genetic determination
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Interpretive
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Core concept: Human cultural/symbolic construction
Diseases are experimental based on cultural constructions
Medical systems are historically and culturally intertwined pragmatic ways of knowing the world
Goal
Analyze all of health as a set of systems for creating, experiencing, and communicating meaning in human life
CRITIQUES:
Lack of exploration of the philosophical basis of narrative
Lack of referencing to broader literature on narrative
Lack of diversity in narratives of other people's experiences
Diseases are experimental based on cultural constructions
Medical systems are historically and culturally intertwined pragmatic ways of knowing the world
Goal
Analyze all of health as a set of systems for creating, experiencing, and communicating meaning in human life
CRITIQUES:
Lack of exploration of the philosophical basis of narrative
Lack of referencing to broader literature on narrative
Lack of diversity in narratives of other people's experiences
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Critical
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Core concept: political economy
Origins of dominant cultural constructions in health
Structures of power and inequality in health care systems
Social origins of illness
Goal: Contribute to critical analyses of current health issues
Origins of dominant cultural constructions in health
Structures of power and inequality in health care systems
Social origins of illness
Goal: Contribute to critical analyses of current health issues
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Bicultural
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Core concept: political ecology of biology and health
Focus on models linking social inequalities to human biology
Goal: identify causes of biological outcomes of social processes
Focus on models linking social inequalities to human biology
Goal: identify causes of biological outcomes of social processes
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6 elements of research design
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1. research question
2. research site
3. sampling strategy
4. data collection
5. data management plan
6. data analysis
2. research site
3. sampling strategy
4. data collection
5. data management plan
6. data analysis
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Cross- sectional
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data collected during one point in time
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Longitudinal design
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data that pertains to two or more points in time
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Case control
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rare in anth but used by epidemiologists
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3 steps in sampling strategy
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1. defining the population
2. identify the unit of analysis
3. selecting sample based on typed of data to be collected
goal: describe the entire population
2. identify the unit of analysis
3. selecting sample based on typed of data to be collected
goal: describe the entire population
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main types of methods
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1. participant observation
2. interview methods
3. systematic observation
2. interview methods
3. systematic observation
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applied medical anth
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intentionally designed projects to solving health related problems with same theory and methods used
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grand theory
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Positivist-Humanistic theoretical perspectives
- Foundational Philosophies for understanding culture and human behavior for NON-APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST
- Foundational Philosophies for understanding culture and human behavior for NON-APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST
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mid range theory
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testable portion of one or combination of grand theory these
APPLIED MED ANTH
APPLIED MED ANTH
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universalism
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idea that one size fits all and that there is one solution for everyone
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particularism
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we need to have a unique solution for everyone
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public policy
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actions of government and the intentions that determine those actions
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2 approaches to influencing policy
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1. byproduct (not effective)
2. phenomenological (more effective)
2. phenomenological (more effective)
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Descrive the policy community
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Legislatures are small societies
Hierarchical social structure
Important rituals and ceremonies
Rhythm to policy process
Distinct language
Insider/outsider division
Hierarchical social structure
Important rituals and ceremonies
Rhythm to policy process
Distinct language
Insider/outsider division
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problem stream
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average joe- documentation problem
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policy stream
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having knowledge about policies (solutions)
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political stream
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actors and poplin power enact policy
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decision making in policy
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rational order rarely consensus and too much information
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health disparities
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Disproportionate morbidity, mortality, and decreased life expectancy/ unequal access to health care and other health-supportive resources/ among disadvantaged groups
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health inequalities
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Differences in health and disease patterns and health care access across populations or segments of populations that are the consequence of social inequalities. (book def.)
Underlying structural causes in disease distribution
Underlying structural causes in disease distribution
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factors driving the worldwide health disparities
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1. Lifestyle
Consequence of individual decisions and actions
Stems from American core values
2. Social Inequality
Lifestyle + products of social inequality
Lifespan
Density of poverty
Sociophysical environment
Discrimination
Consequence of individual decisions and actions
Stems from American core values
2. Social Inequality
Lifestyle + products of social inequality
Lifespan
Density of poverty
Sociophysical environment
Discrimination
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areas where med anth are addressing health disparities
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1. in community (working int he community)
2. upstream analyzes (how does our economy affect health)
3. focusing on dishes experience
4. multidisciplinary
5. the importance of place
2. upstream analyzes (how does our economy affect health)
3. focusing on dishes experience
4. multidisciplinary
5. the importance of place
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The 5 different theoretical explanatory models for understanding racial and ethnic disparities
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1. The racial-genetic model
2. The health-behavior model
3. The socioeconomic model
4. The psychosocial stress model
5. The structural-constructivist model
2. The health-behavior model
3. The socioeconomic model
4. The psychosocial stress model
5. The structural-constructivist model
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The structural-constructivist model
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Cause: the intersection of social structures with cultural construction of goals (try to measure both things)
Approach
Lifestyle cultural consonance
Cultural construction of race
Strength
Cultural construction of race made explicit
*the fav approach of authors
Approach
Lifestyle cultural consonance
Cultural construction of race
Strength
Cultural construction of race made explicit
*the fav approach of authors
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How the transition to agriculture relates to human health
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Shift from hunting and gather to agriculture production system
Poorer nutrition and increased disease
Less variety in your diet and you are sedentary
Higher carrying capacity different things being transmitted in close quarters with humans
Shift from equalitarian to class/caste social stratification
Increased impact on the natural environment
Poorer nutrition and increased disease
Less variety in your diet and you are sedentary
Higher carrying capacity different things being transmitted in close quarters with humans
Shift from equalitarian to class/caste social stratification
Increased impact on the natural environment
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how the industrial revolution impacted health
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1. exposed to pollutants
2. improved water supply, sanitation and ag practices
3. poor physical work environment, pace of work and living conditions
2. improved water supply, sanitation and ag practices
3. poor physical work environment, pace of work and living conditions
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Emerging disease
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newly described conditions, expansion of familiar disease into new region or habitat, marked increases local incidence, increased severity or duration older disease
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how global climate change relates to health
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1. increased prevalence of infections disease due to increase range of vectors
2. increase injury and death due to extreme weather events
3. increased prevalence of skin caner due to ozone depletion
2. increase injury and death due to extreme weather events
3. increased prevalence of skin caner due to ozone depletion
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waterborne disease
answer
cholera, typhoid
prevent:
drink properly treated water, good hygiene
prevent:
drink properly treated water, good hygiene
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water washed
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poor hygiene (gangrene)
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water based
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parasitic hosts living in the water transmits the disease to those bathing.. scabies
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water related mosquitoes
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yellow fever, west nile
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creating a health planet for humanity and ecosystem
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global democracy- create more equality
Public ownership of means of production (land labor tech and capital)
Economy focused on meeting social needs and environmental sustainability (meeting social needs)
Representative and participatory democratic process (blend these
Redistributing resources
Slowing population growth (easy to do if you redistribute resources
Conserving finite resources and developing of renewable energy
Reducing waste (shoe repair, luggage repair
*main goal is to create more equality
Public ownership of means of production (land labor tech and capital)
Economy focused on meeting social needs and environmental sustainability (meeting social needs)
Representative and participatory democratic process (blend these
Redistributing resources
Slowing population growth (easy to do if you redistribute resources
Conserving finite resources and developing of renewable energy
Reducing waste (shoe repair, luggage repair
*main goal is to create more equality
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global health
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Med anth perspective "Field of research and practice that examines how factors of global, national, and subnational origins converge on a health issue, problem policy, or outcome in an identified local social arena"
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Goal of medical anthropologists in global health
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1. Reduce global health inequities
2. Contribute to the development of sustainable and salutogenic systems
Especially for the most vulnerable
2. Contribute to the development of sustainable and salutogenic systems
Especially for the most vulnerable
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categories of contribution of medical anthropologists to global health
answer
1. Social determinants of health
2. Health sciences and technology
3. International health programs and policies
4. International health development
2. Health sciences and technology
3. International health programs and policies
4. International health development
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social determinants of health
answer
Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources
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syndic
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The concentration and deleterious interaction of two or more disease of other health conditions in a population, especially as a consequence of social inequality or unjust exercise of power.
substance abuse, hookworm, depression, HIV, STD, stress
substance abuse, hookworm, depression, HIV, STD, stress
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save syndic
answer
Substance Abuse, Violence, Aids
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