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Chapter 3: Discovering and Settling the New World 1492-1700
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...
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John Calvin
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French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
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Martin Luther
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a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
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John Smith
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..., Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
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Protestant Reformation
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..., a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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..., Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
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Roanoke
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..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.
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Virginia Company
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..., Joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.
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elect
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..., in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.
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encomienda
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..., a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
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Chapter 4: The Atlantic World 1600-1750
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...
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John Winthrop
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..., Puritan Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a city upon a hill
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Anne Hutchinson
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..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
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Roger Williams
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..., He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
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John Rolfe
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..., married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown
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Lord Baltimore
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..., 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.
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Sir William Berkeley
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..., the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion
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Nathaniel Bacon
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..., Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony
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William and Mary
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..., King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.
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The Church of England
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..., Also known as the Anglican Church, this Church was founded by 1534 by King Henry VIII, The king sought to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon however Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged the King broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.
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Puritans
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..., Protestant sect in England hoping to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
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New England Confederation
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..., 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.
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separatists
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..., People who wanted to have a separate, or different church than the church of England. Also known as Pilgrims.
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Pilgrims
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..., English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620
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nonseparatists
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..., This is another name for the Puritans who arrived in New England in 1629 due to oppression and persecution by the English Crown. While in England, these Puritans believed they must remain within the Church of England to reform it.
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quakers
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..., English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania
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Great Migration
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..., when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times
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Holy Experiment
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an attempt by the Religious Society of Friends or (Quakers) to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.
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Bacon's Rebellion
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..., A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land
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Pueblo Revolt
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an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico.[1]
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Glorious Revolution
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..., This was the revolution that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed
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Mayflower Compact
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..., 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
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Halfway Covenant
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..., Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not regeneration to be a member of the congregation.
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Dominion of New England
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..., 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros
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Act of Toleration
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The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation, i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. Nonconformists were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers, if they accepted certain oaths of allegiance.
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Fundamental Orders
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..., document which established a regime democratically controlled by the substantial citizens of Hartford
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Salem
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witch trials
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antimonianism
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..., Idea spread by Anne Hutchinson, considered high heresy. Those who believed they were truly saved, did not believe they had to obey the law
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plantation system
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The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership
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headright system
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..., Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.
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proprietary colonies
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..., Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.
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indentured servants
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..., Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
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Chapter 5: Life in the Colonies 1700-1800
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...
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Jonathan Edwards
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..., American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
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George Whitefield
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..., Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the New Lights.
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New Light Preachers
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..., These preachers crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the fire and brimstone eternity all sinners would face if they did not absolve their sins publicly. These preachers sought to undermine the power and prestige of Old Light ministers by proclaiming that ordinary people could understand the gospel of the Lord without the leadership of a man of the cloth.
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Triangular Trade
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..., A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa
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The Great Awakening
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..., religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people
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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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Jonathan Edward's sermon
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stratification
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..., the act or process or arranging persons into classes or social strata
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mercantilism
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..., an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
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Chapter 6: The Eve of the Revolution 1754-1775
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...
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Benjamin Franklin
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..., Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.
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John Locke
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..., English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
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William Pitt
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..., English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)
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Stamp Act Congress
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..., A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.
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Sons and Daughters of Liberty
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..., Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.
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The French and Indian War
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..., (1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida.
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Pontiac's Rebellion
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..., 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
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Boston Massacre
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..., The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans
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Boston Tea Party
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..., demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
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The Albany Plan of Union
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..., Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonists (and Iroquois) and create a defense against the French
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Peace of Paris
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The Peace of Paris (1783) was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War.
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Proclamation of 1763
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..., A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
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Sugar Acts
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..., In 1764 this act was meant to tighten enforcement of English customs by reducing the tax on molasses and increasing enforcement it was meant to raise revenue, and marked the end of Salutary Neglect
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Quartering Act
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..., an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists
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Stamp Act
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..., an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
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Declaratory Act
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..., Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
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Townshend Acts
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..., A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
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Massachusetts Circular Letter
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..., A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.
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Tea Act
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..., Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
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Coercive Acts
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..., This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.
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Quebec Act
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..., Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.
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Intolerable Acts
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..., in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
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salutary neglect
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..., An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
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writs of assistance
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..., legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled
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Chapter 7: The American Revolution 1775-1783
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...
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Thomas Payne
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As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.[2]
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Daniel Shays
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..., Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from mobocracy
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James Madison
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..., 4th President of the United States
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Alexander Hamilton
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..., United States statesman and leader of the Federalists
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Thomas Jefferson
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..., 3rd President of the United States
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First Continental Congress
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..., Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence
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Patriots
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..., Colonists who wanted independence from Britain
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Loyalists
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..., American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence
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Tories
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..., a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist
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Battle of Saratoga
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..., a battle during the American Revolution (1777)
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Shay's Rebellion
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..., this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes
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Constitutional Convention
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..., the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787
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Declaration of Rights and Grievances
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..., created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms
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..., A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms. Our cause is just, our union is perfect
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Olive Branch Petition
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..., On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.
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Common Sense
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..., a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
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Declaration of Independence
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..., the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
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Treaty of Paris
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..., This treaty ended the Seven Years War
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Articles of Confederation
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..., a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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..., A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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..., Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
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arsenal
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..., a place where arms are manufactured
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insurrection
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..., organized opposition to authority
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Chapter 8: The Building of A New Nation 1787-1800
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...
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James Madison
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..., 4th President of the United States
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John Adams
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..., America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press ought not to be restrained.
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Thomas Jefferson
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..., 3rd President of the United States
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Barbary Pirates
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..., Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations
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House of Representatives
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the lower legislative house of the United States Congress
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Senate
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..., assembly possessing high legislative powers
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Electoral College
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..., the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
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Federalists
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..., Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.
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Anti-federalists
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..., people who opposed the Constitution
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Bank of the United States
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..., Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.
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Democratic-republicans
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..., Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history.
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the french revolution
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..., In 1789, the French Revolution was where the French people rebelled against their King to overthrow him. Afterwards, a republic was started, where revolutionists began to controversially cut the heads off of nobles. The Republican party was formed because of the French Revolution, and brought much inspiration to the U.S. at first. However, this didn't last long, as Federalists became afraid of the possibility of such extremes that were shown in France.
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farewell address
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..., Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.
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whiskey rebellion
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..., In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.
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xyz affair
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..., An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called X,Y, and Z that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.
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the convention of 1800
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..., the two sides finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. Kept from going to war and dividing nation.
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Chapter 9: Jeffersonian America 1800-1816
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...
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Lewis and Clark
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..., Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
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John Marshall
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..., Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court
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Tecumseh and the Prophet
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..., People feared that the British in Canada would recruit Indians to halt the march of American settlement. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh and his half-brother the Prophet, sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. They tried to unify their people and revive traditional virtues.
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Andrew Jackson
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..., The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
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Essex Junto
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..., New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. The Essex Junto was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S.
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Burr Conspiracy
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..., scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.
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Tripolitan Wars
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..., This war, fought between1801, and 1805, started when Barbary pirates in North Africa seized US ships traveling in the Mediterranean. Presidents Washington and Adams had paid North African nations a protection fee to reduce the number of times US ships would be seized. Once Thomas Jefferson took office, the leader of Tripoli demanded more money. Jefferson refused, sending navel ships to stop the pirates, resulting in a four-year fight. The force was able to put a dent in the work of the pirates and gained the US credibility overseas.
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Napoleonic war
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..., (1796-1815) Wars between Napoleon and the rest of Europe which helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution. [227]
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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..., 1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.
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Battle of New Orleans
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..., Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.
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The Hartford Convention
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New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1]
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Pinckney Treaty
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..., agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans
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Judiciary Act of 1801
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..., a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
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Twelfth amendment
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..., Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President, 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.
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Berlin Decree
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..., 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.
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Orders in Council
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..., British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.
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Milan Decree
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..., in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.
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Embargo Act
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..., signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports
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Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
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..., reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France
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Macon's Bill Number 2
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..., 1810 This bill sought to lift trade restrictions against Britain or France but only after those nations agreed to honor US neutrality.
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The Star-Spangled Banner
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..., The national anthem of the United States written by Francis Scott Key, inspired by the battle of Fort McHenry
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Treaty of Ghent
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..., December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
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midnight judges
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..., The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
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writ of mandamus
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..., an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion
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judicial review
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..., review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
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impeachment
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..., a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office
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partisan
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..., devoted to a cause or party
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secession
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..., formal separation from an alliance or federation
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Chapter 10: The National Spirit and Market Revolution 1817-1850
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...
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American Party
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..., a former political party in the United States
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Know-Nothing Party
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..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.
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Era of Good Feeling
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..., the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.
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Panic of 1819
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The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States [1][2] followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.[3][4][5] The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe
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Tariff of 1816
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is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government.[1] Another unique aspect of the tariff was the strong support it received from Southern states.[2]
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Tallmadge Amendment
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..., This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.
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Missouri Compromise
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..., an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
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Rush-Bagot Treaty
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..., 1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.
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The Adams-Onis Treaty
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..., Got Florida for the USA after the Seminole War. Spain ceded all of Florida to the USA and gave up its claim to the territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up Texas.
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The Monroe Doctrine
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..., Primarily the work of JQAdams, said the the USA would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act. No European colonization in the Americas
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Erie Canal
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..., an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo
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American System
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..., an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.
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Overspeculation
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..., Means to over guess. The majority of the people felt the stock market will go up, so they greedily buy, when in reality it's the peak already and stock market prices will drop soon.
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nativists
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..., of or relating to or advocating nativism
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constituents
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..., an abstract part of something
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inflation
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..., a general and progressive increase in prices
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species
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..., a specific kind of something
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emancipation
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..., freeing someone from the control of another
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James Monroe
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..., 5th President of the United States
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John C. Calhoun
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..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
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Daniel Webster
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..., United States politician and orator (1782-1817)
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Henry Clay
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..., United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)
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John Quincy Adams
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..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
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Chapter 11: Sectional Tension Grows 1820-1850
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...
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Eli Whitney
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..., United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)
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peculiar institution
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..., southern euphemism for slavery
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Chapter 12: Jackson's Democracy 1824-1840
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...
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John C. Calhoun
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..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification
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Anti-Masons
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..., people who believed that the Free-Mason Society was undemocratic and exclusive because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons
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National Republicans
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..., supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants
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Whigs
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..., conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
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Panic of 1837
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..., When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
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Southern Carolina Exposition
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..., written by john c. calhoun of SC; outlined south's anger towards the tariff of abominations & that they believed it to be unconstitutional because it severely altered trade with europe
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Trail of Tears
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..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
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Gibbons v. Ogden
answer
..., Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government
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Specie Circular
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..., issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
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Tariff of 1828
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..., a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the Tariff of Abominations to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.
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Tariff of 1832
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..., a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act
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Force Bill
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..., 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
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Indian Removal Act
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..., Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
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..., (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had special status
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Worcester v. Georgia
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..., Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it
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Andrew Jackson
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..., 7th president of the US
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Daniel Webster
answer
..., United States politician and orator (1782-1817)
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Robert Hayne
answer
..., Believed that states should have more rights. He was from South Carolina. He debated Daniel Webster about the doctrine of states rights.
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corrupt bargain
answer
..., In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
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pet bank
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..., State banks where Jackson deposited all federal money in his attempt to kill the Bank of the United States.
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spoils system
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..., the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
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kitchen cabinet
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..., an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government
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suffrage
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..., a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution
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Chapter 13: Antebellum Renaissance 1790-1860
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...
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Charles Finney
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..., This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His fire and brimstone sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the burned-over district, because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside
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Dorothea Dix
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..., Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums
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Horace Mann
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..., United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)
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Harriet Tubman
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..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
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Sojourner Truth
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..., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
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Fredrick Douglas
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..., former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star
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Sarah and Angelina Grimke
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..., Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.
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Joseph Smith
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..., religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)
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Brigham Young
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..., United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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..., United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)
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Henry David Thoreau
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..., United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)
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Nathaniel Hawthorne William Lloyd Garrison
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...
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American Temperance Society American Antislavery Society
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...
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Liberty Party
answer
A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848
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Foreign Antislavery Society
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..., This abolitionist group did not believe in women's rights and formed a separate from that of Mott and Garrison. Women were not allowed in membership
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Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
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..., largest sect of Mormonism
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Mormon Church
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..., church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah
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Transcendentalists
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..., advocate of Transcendentalism
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Shakers
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..., a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States
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Oneida Commune
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..., a religious community established in central New York in 1848, its members shared property, practiced group marriage, and reared children under communal care.
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Knickerbockers
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..., trousers ending above the knee
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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..., Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families
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Maine Law
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..., passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.
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The North Star
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..., antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass
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Declaration of Sentiments
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..., declared that all people are created equal; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights
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Walden
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..., written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth
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On Civil Disobedience
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..., thoreau's writings contemplating the mexican war, the work of comparatively few individuals using the government as their tool refused to pay his taxes
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Underground Railroad
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..., abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves
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Seneca Falls
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..., The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.
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Perfectionism
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..., a disposition to feel that anything less than perfect is unacceptable
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cult of domesticity
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..., the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house
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antebellum
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..., belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War
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Chapter 14: Manifest Destiny 1830-1860
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...
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Sam Houston
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..., United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)
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James K. Polk
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..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.
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Bear Flag Republic
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..., aka the California republic; the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republic lasted less than a month. The republic eventually became the present-day state of California.
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Wilmot Proviso
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..., Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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..., Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million
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Webster-Ashburton Treaty
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..., 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition
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Oregon Trail
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..., pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country
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Mandate
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..., the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory
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Chapter 15: A Tenuous Balance-On the Brink of Civil War 1848-1860
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...
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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..., United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)
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George Fitzburgh
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..., says slavery in South is better than wage slavery in North
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John Brown
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..., abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
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apologists
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..., Christian thinkers who defended and explained Christian beliefs
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Free-soil party
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..., Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.
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49ers
answer
..., People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.
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Republican Party
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..., the younger of two major political parties in the United States
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border ruffians
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..., missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in kansas's election during the mid-1850's
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Constitutional Union Party
answer
..., a former political party in the United States
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Confederate States of America
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..., a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States
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Gadsden Purchase
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..., purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary
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Fugitive Slave Law
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..., Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.
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The Compromise of 1850
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..., Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
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Lecompton Constitution
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..., supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
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..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens
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Freeport Doctrine
answer
..., During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will.
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Bleeding Kansas
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..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.
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Harper's Ferry
answer
..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
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popular sovereignty
answer
..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.
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Chapter 16: The Civil War 1861-1865
answer
...
question
Robert E. Lee
answer
..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force
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Ulysses S. Grant
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..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.
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Abraham Lincoln
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..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
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John Wilkes Booth
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..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.
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Copperheads
answer
..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War
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freedmen
answer
..., former slaves
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New York Draft Riots
answer
..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.
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Bull Run
answer
..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)
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Second Battle of Bull Run
answer
..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union
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Antietam
answer
..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this win for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
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Gettysburg
answer
..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.
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Anaconda Plan
answer
..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south
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Emancipation Proclamation
answer
..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
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Thirteenth Amendment
answer
..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.
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The Homestead Act of 1862
answer
..., provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it
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The Morrill Land Grant of 1862
answer
..., The act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades
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The Pacific Railway Act of 1862
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..., This act apporved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific
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Appomattox Court House
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..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant
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greenbacks
answer
..., Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)
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ironclads
answer
..., Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.
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scorched-earth
answer
..., burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing that the enemy could eat. Used by Alexander in Russia against Napoleon
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writ of habeas corpus
answer
..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment
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agrarian
answer
..., relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land
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Chapter 17: The Trials of Reconstruction 1863-1877
answer
...
question
Freedmen's Bureau
answer
..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
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scalawags
answer
..., southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
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carpetbaggers
answer
..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction
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ku klux klan
answer
..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States
question
redeemers
answer
..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to redeem the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.
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exodusters
answer
..., African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.
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rutherford B. hayes
answer
..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
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reconstruction
answer
..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
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proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction
answer
..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation
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wade-davis bill
answer
opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50%
question
10 percent plan
answer
..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)
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civil rights bill of 1866
answer
..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto
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fourteenth amendment
answer
..., made all persons born or naturalized in the United States citizens of the country
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military reconstruction act
answer
..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law
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tenure of office act
answer
..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet
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fifteenth amendment
answer
..., The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
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force acts
answer
..., the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.
question
the compromise of 1877
answer
..., It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.
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black codes
answer
..., Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves
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sharecropping
answer
..., System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
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pardons
answer
..., freedom from punishment
question
sharecroppers
answer
..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop
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scalawags
answer
..., southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction
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carpetbagers
answer
..., Term for a northern Republican who moved to the south after the Civil War
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filibuster
answer
..., a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches
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Chapter 18: The Closing of the Frontier 1865-1900
answer
...
question
George Custer
answer
..., United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)
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49ers
answer
..., People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.
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sodbusters
answer
..., name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm
question
national Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
answer
..., This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight
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Interstate Commerce Commission
answer
..., a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states
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Turner's Frontier Thesis
answer
..., argued that the American character was shaped by the existance of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy
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Homestead Act of 1862
answer
..., this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30
question
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
answer
..., dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like good white settlers then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
question
Plessy v. Ferguson
answer
..., A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
question
Jim Crow laws
answer
..., Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights
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Interstate Commerce Act
answer
..., Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices
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A Century of Dishonor
answer
..., Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion
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Sutter's Mill
answer
..., location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush
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long drives
answer
..., A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets
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Ghost Dance
answer
..., a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead
question
grandfather clauses
answer
..., law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867
question
agribusiness
answer
..., a large-scale farming enterprise
question
Chapter 19: The Rise of Industry 1865-1900
answer
...
question
Cornelius Vanderbilt
answer
..., United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)
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Andrew Carnegie
answer
..., United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)
question
John D. Rockefeller
answer
..., Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
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Horatio Alger
answer
..., United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys
question
robber barons
answer
..., Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
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U.S. Steel
answer
..., powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan
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Standard Oil Company
answer
..., Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.
question
scabs
answer
..., Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike
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National Labor Union
answer
..., 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers
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Knights of Labor
answer
..., 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed
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American Federation of Labor
answer
..., a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955
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Pullman Palace Car Company
answer
..., manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago
question
The Great Railroad Strike
answer
...pullman strike
question
Sherman Antitrust Act
answer
..., First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions
question
United States v. E.C. Knight
answer
..., 1895 Supreme Court case-ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could only be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing. As a result, the U.S.Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strengthened during the Progressive Era
question
Central Pacific Railroad
answer
..., A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH
question
Union Pacific Railroad
answer
..., (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants
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Promontory Point
answer
..., Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed
question
transcontinental railroad
answer
..., Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west
question
vertical integration
answer
..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution
question
horizontal integration
answer
..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
question
interlocking directorates
answer
..., the consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals
question
laissez faire
answer
..., the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
question
nouveau riche
answer
..., French for new rich. Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.
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social Darwinism
answer
..., The application of ideas about evolution and survival of the fittest to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
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trickle down theory
answer
..., decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy
question
yellow-dog contract
answer
..., Contracts some employers forced workers to sign that made the workers promise not to join a union
question
closed shops
answer
..., an agreement in which a company agrees to hire union members only
question
scabs
answer
..., Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers
question
depression
answer
..., a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
question
arbitration
answer
..., (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)
question
collective bargaining
answer
..., Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.
question
Chapter 20: From a Rural to an Urban America 1865-1900
answer
...
question
Boss Tweed
answer
..., William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.
question
Thomas Nast
answer
..., Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented Uncle Sam and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.
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Jane Addams
answer
..., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
question
Francis Willard
answer
..., Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.
question
Carrie A. Nation
answer
..., muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
answer
..., United States suffragist and feminist
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Susan B. Anthony
answer
..., social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation
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Mark Twain
answer
..., United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)
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Frederick Law Olmsted
answer
..., United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903)
question
Scott Joplin
answer
..., United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)
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Joseph Pulitzer
answer
..., United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)
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William Randolph Hearst
answer
..., United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)
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Nativists
answer
..., of or relating to or advocating nativism
question
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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..., an organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.
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The Anti-Saloon League
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..., Started in the 1890s and was against saloons and drinking
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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..., militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
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The Gilded Age
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..., 1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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..., (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
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Our Country
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..., written in 1885 intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. It may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict. He was one of the first to warn that Protestants (most of whom lived in rural areas or small towns) were ignoring the problems of the cities and the working classes.
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Tammany Hall
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..., a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
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Social Gospel
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..., Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
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ghettos
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..., city slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures
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tenement
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..., a rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards
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political machines
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..., Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.
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temperance
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..., restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food
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Chapter 21: Populists and Progressives 1890-1919
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...
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Stalwarts
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..., Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.
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halfbreeds
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..., republican reformers who were accused of backing reform simply to create openings for their own supporters.
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mugwumps
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..., A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.
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greenback party
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..., a former political party in the United States, A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy, Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.
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farmer's alliance
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..., A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy
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populist party
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..., U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
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gold bug
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..., Democrats and Republicans opposed to free silver and who supported the gold standard because tehy feared implications to currency value with free silver.
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muckrakers
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..., This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.
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northern securities company
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..., A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act
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federal trade commission
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..., an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition
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national american women suffrage association
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..., organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women
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national women's party
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..., a women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men
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niagara movement
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..., in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.
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league of women voters
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..., League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws
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advancement of colored people
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..., The Advancement of Colored People was a civil rights organization for ethnic minorities. This is the largest organization in the US, so it has a lot of influence, meaning that minorities had more hope for equality.
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panic of 1893
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..., Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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cross of gold speech
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..., An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the gold bugs who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.
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progressive era
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..., time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically
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wisconsin experiment
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..., wisconsin was the first state in the union to institute direct primaries in which state voters nominated their own slate of candidates instead of the state legislature picking them
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great migration
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..., movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
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pendleton civil service act of 1881
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..., This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions - all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.
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seventeenth amendment
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..., allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators
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square deal
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..., Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.
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