question
What are the layers of a Gram positive bacteria's membrane from outside to inside?
answer
thick peptidoglycan, plasma membrane
question
What are the layers of a Gram negative bacteria's membrane from outside to inside?
answer
Outer membrane, periplasmic space, thin peptidoglycan, plasma membrane
question
What is contained in the peptidoglycan layer of a gram positive bacteria?
answer
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
question
What is contained in the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria?
answer
O-specific side chains and lipopolysaccharides and porins
question
When are the respiratory chains located in a bacteria?
answer
membrane
question
What part of bacteria is a target of lysosomes, antimicrobial peptides, and antibiotics?
answer
membrane
question
What is a serotype?
answer
a distinct variation within a species of bacteria based on cell surface antigens
question
What are the two alternating sugars in peptidoglycan?
answer
NAM and NAG
question
What kind of chain is peptidoglycan?
answer
linear
question
How are adjacent glycan chains cross linked into sheets in peptidoglycan?
answer
by peptide bonds between the third amino acid of one tetrapeptide and the terminal D-alanine of another
question
What is peptidoglycan cleaved by?
answer
lysosomes
question
What inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan?
answer
beta-lactams
question
What do toll like receptors recognize?
answer
microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)
question
Lipopolysaccharides are considered ______
answer
endotoxins
question
What does TLR4 recognize?
answer
lipopolysaccharides
question
What is the structure of a lipopolysaccharide?
answer
lipid, core polysaccharide, O-antigen tail
question
What stabilizes cells without a cell wall?
answer
sterols
question
Autotrophs
answer
make own food
question
Phototrophs
answer
use light to obtain energy
question
chemoautotrophs
answer
uses inorganic compounds
question
heterotrophs
answer
uses carbon sources
question
chemoheterotrophs
answer
chemical and other organisms
question
What are the two gram negative secretion systems?
answer
delivery of toxins to extracellular environment and injecting toxins into host cells
question
What is the H antigen?
answer
flagella
question
What are capsules made out of?
answer
layers of polysaccharides or peptides
question
What do capsules help prevent?
answer
phagocytosis
question
Neisseria
answer
Gram negative obligate aerobe
question
Pseudomonas
answer
Gram negative obligate aerobe
question
Legionella
answer
Gram negative obligate aerobe
question
Streptococcus
answer
Gram positive microaerophilic
question
Spriochetes (Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira)
answer
Gram negative microaerophilicq
question
Clostridium
answer
Gram positive obligate anaerobe
question
What is the formation of biofilms regulated by?
answer
quorum sensing
question
What is released in quorum sensing?
answer
auto inducers
question
What happens in the presence of a lot of auto inducers?
answer
all bacteria switch gene expression in unison
question
What are auto inducers?
answer
lactones or circular peptides
question
What are some antibiotic targets?
answer
cells wall synthesis, RNA synthesis, tRNA synthesis, DNA replication/repair, protein synthesis, folic acid synthesis
question
Which TLR recognizes peptidoglycan?
answer
TLR2
question
What bacterium's have no cell walls?
answer
mycoplasma
question
What are the two energy acquisition systems by chemoheterotrophs?
answer
fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation
question
Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in test tubes of what?
answer
thioglycolate broth
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
