question
Replication
answer
DNA makes DNA
question
Transcription
answer
DNA makes RNA
question
Translation
answer
mRNA makes protein
question
Reverse transcription (retroviruses)
answer
RNA makes DNA
question
Enzyme that make DNA supercoiled in bacteria
answer
Topoisomerase/ DNA gyrase (prokaryotes)
question
Base rule in DNA
answer
A-T
G-C
G-C
question
Differences between DNA and RNA
answer
DNA has a T
RNA had a U
RNA had a U
question
Name a short DNA fragments on lagging strand of the replication fork
answer
Okazaki fragments
question
Enzyme that seals the nicks between Okazaki fragments with phosphodiester bond
answer
DNA Ligase
question
Mutualism
answer
both organisms benefit
question
Parasitism
answer
one organism gets harmed, the other benefits
question
Commensalism
answer
neither organism benefits nor harmed
question
What are the five main body sites with normal microflora
answer
Skin, ears, digestive tract, oral cavity, Urogenital
question
Which of the following regions has the largest population of bacteria in/on human
answer
Digestive tract
question
Which of the following organisms is most likely to be impacted in dental caries
answer
Streptococcus mutans
question
The benefits of microbes in the digestive tract
answer
Helps digestion, Produces vitamins, Enhanced immune system,
question
Mosquitoes spread the malaria protozoan, Plasmodium falciparum, from human to human
answer
Vector-borne
question
Spreading HIV through sharing needles
answer
Indirect contact
question
Spreading of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) through kissing
answer
Direct contact
question
Rabbies virus can be transmitted to human by a bite from raccoon
answer
Zoonotic transfer
question
What is the sequence of the steps of Koch's Postulate
answer
1. Associated suspected microbes (SM) in every disease cases, but not in healthy one
2. Isolate-SM in pure culture
3. Inoculate- SM in experiments host and cause the same disease
4. Re-isolate- the same SM from the experimental host
2. Isolate-SM in pure culture
3. Inoculate- SM in experiments host and cause the same disease
4. Re-isolate- the same SM from the experimental host
question
Porphyromonas gingivalis
answer
Gum infection
question
What is the start / stop codons
answer
Start AUG
Stop UGG, UAG, UGA
Stop UGG, UAG, UGA
question
What is the chemical properties of endotoxin
answer
Lipopolysaccharid G-
Lipid A is toxic
Part of cell envelope/cell
released during growth and death
LPA or LTA
resistant to heat
Lipid A is toxic
Part of cell envelope/cell
released during growth and death
LPA or LTA
resistant to heat
question
What are the chemical properties to exotoxin
answer
Released outside the cell
Soluble proteins
Majority are sensitive to heat
G+, Lipoteichoic acids
Soluble proteins
Majority are sensitive to heat
G+, Lipoteichoic acids
question
An agent that causes diseases only when the host immune system is compromized.
answer
opportunistic pathogen
question
The process of causing disease by a pathogen
answer
Pathogenesis
question
A microbe that is frequently causing disease in a host
answer
Pathogen
question
The intensity of caused by a mircrobe
answer
Virulence
question
The growth of a pathogen in/on a host
answer
infection
question
The majority of the normal flora on human skin are
answer
Gram positive bacteria
question
Propionibacterium acnes
answer
Face
question
Helicobacter pylori
answer
Stomach
question
Porphyromonas gingivalis
answer
Gums
question
Candida
answer
Vagina
question
Siderophores
answer
Help stealing nutrients away from the host
question
Type III secretion system
answer
Helps deliver virulence factors to the host
question
Fibronetin-binding proteins
answer
Helps attaching to the host tissue
question
Diphtheria toxins
answer
Causes tissue damage through ADP ribosylation of EF2
question
Lipopolyssacharide
answer
Endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria
question
Cholera toxin belongs to
answer
ADP-ribosylating A-B toxin
question
Botulinum neurotoxin belong to
answer
SNARE protein cleavaging A-B toxin
question
Lipoteichoic acids
answer
Endotoxin from Gram positive Bacteria
question
In most cases who benefits from all three types of symbiosis relationships
answer
microbes
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