question
The easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry for infectious microorganisms is the
parenteral route.
respiratory tract.
gastrointestinal tract.
skin.
parenteral route.
respiratory tract.
gastrointestinal tract.
skin.
answer
respiratory tract.
question
The degree of pathogenicity of an organism is known as the
antigenicity.
toxigenicity.
virulence.
cytopathic effect.
antigenicity.
toxigenicity.
virulence.
cytopathic effect.
answer
virulence.
question
Which one of the following is NOT an example of the parenteral route of entry?
Conjunctiva
Surgery
Injection
Bite
Conjunctiva
Surgery
Injection
Bite
answer
Conjunctiva
question
What is the preferred portal of entry for chlamydia?
Genitourinary tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Skin
Respiratory tract
Genitourinary tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Skin
Respiratory tract
answer
Genitourinary tract
question
Communities of microbes that cling to surfaces and share available nutrients are called
biofilms.
fimbriae.
ligands.
superantigens.
biofilms.
fimbriae.
ligands.
superantigens.
answer
biofilms.
question
The outer portion of Gram-negative cell walls contain
exotoxins.
endotoxins.
siderophores.
exoenzymes.
exotoxins.
endotoxins.
siderophores.
exoenzymes.
answer
endotoxins.
question
What is the action of bacterial kinases?
To coagulate fibrinogen
To hydrolyze hyaluronic acid
To break down fibrin
To break down collagen
To coagulate fibrinogen
To hydrolyze hyaluronic acid
To break down fibrin
To break down collagen
answer
To break down fibrin
question
Exotoxins that attack liver cells are known as
leukotoxins.
cytotoxins.
hepatotoxins.
enterotoxins.
leukotoxins.
cytotoxins.
hepatotoxins.
enterotoxins.
answer
hepatotoxins.
question
Proteins secreted by pathogens that bind iron are known as
superantigens.
siderophores.
leukocidins.
hemolysins.
superantigens.
siderophores.
leukocidins.
hemolysins.
answer
siderophores.
question
Toxins produced by some gram-negative bacteria that damage DNA are called
streptolysins.
genotoxins.
A-B toxins.
membrane-disrupting toxins.
streptolysins.
genotoxins.
A-B toxins.
membrane-disrupting toxins.
answer
genotoxins.
question
Which virus irreversibly stops mitosis?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Herpes simplex virus
Rabies virus
Measles virus
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Herpes simplex virus
Rabies virus
Measles virus
answer
Herpes simplex virus
question
Substances produced by virus-infected cells that protect neighboring uninfected cells from infection are called
interferons
inclusion bodies.
immunoglobulins.
leukocidins.
interferons
inclusion bodies.
immunoglobulins.
leukocidins.
answer
interferons
question
Which one of the following refers to the visible effects of a viral infection?
Lysogenic conversion
Lysogenic effects
Cytopathic effects
Cytopathic conversion
Lysogenic conversion
Lysogenic effects
Cytopathic effects
Cytopathic conversion
answer
Cytopathic effects
question
What are the granules found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some virus-infected cells?
Syncytia
Endotoxins
Lysosomes
Inclusion bodies
Syncytia
Endotoxins
Lysosomes
Inclusion bodies
answer
Inclusion bodies
question
Viruses that transform cells by causing loss of contact inhibition result in
the formation of a syncytium.
chromosomal breakage.
unregulated cell growth.
antigenic changes on the host cell.
the formation of a syncytium.
chromosomal breakage.
unregulated cell growth.
antigenic changes on the host cell.
answer
unregulated cell growth.
question
Which one of the following is NOT a way fungi cause disease?
By using antigenic variation
By producing toxins
By secreting protease
By provoking an allergic response
By using antigenic variation
By producing toxins
By secreting protease
By provoking an allergic response
answer
By using antigenic variation
question
Which one of the following organisms produces saxitoxin?
Helminth
Alga
Fungus
Plant
Helminth
Alga
Fungus
Plant
answer
alga
question
Which one of the following toxins is an alkaloid that can cause hallucinations resembling those produced by LSD?
Aflatoxin
Ergot alkaloid
Phalloidin
Amanitin
Aflatoxin
Ergot alkaloid
Phalloidin
Amanitin
answer
Ergot alkaloid
question
Which one of the following protozoa use antigenic variation to stay one step ahead of the host's immune system?
a) Toxoplasma
b) Cryptosporidium
c) Trypanosoma
d) Plasmodium
a) Toxoplasma
b) Cryptosporidium
c) Trypanosoma
d) Plasmodium
answer
c) Trypanosoma
question
What is the causative agent of elephantiasis?
a) Entamoeba histolytica
b) Candida albicans
c) Cryptococcus neoformans
d) Wuchereria bancrofti
a) Entamoeba histolytica
b) Candida albicans
c) Cryptococcus neoformans
d) Wuchereria bancrofti
answer
d) Wuchereria bancrofti
question
Arthropods provide a portal of exit for microbes via the
skin.
blood.
respiratory tract.
genitourinary tract.
skin.
blood.
respiratory tract.
genitourinary tract.
answer
blood
question
Sneezing is a portal of exit of microbes from the
gastrointestinal tract.
respiratory tract.
blood.
genitourinary tract.
gastrointestinal tract.
respiratory tract.
blood.
genitourinary tract.
answer
respiratory tract.
question
Pathogens that are discharged from the respiratory tract can cause which of the following diseases?
Salmonella
Whooping cough
Poliomyelitis
Tetanus
Salmonella
Whooping cough
Poliomyelitis
Tetanus
answer
Whooping cough
question
Infections transmitted from the skin include
warts.
tularemia.
yellow fever.
plague.
warts.
tularemia.
yellow fever.
plague.
answer
warts
question
Which of the following diseases can be transmitted by a biting insect?
Shigellosis
Mumps
Tularemia
Chickenpox
Shigellosis
Mumps
Tularemia
Chickenpox
answer
Tularemia
question
Septic shock can result from using antibiotics to treat
gram-negative bacterial infections.
fungal infections.
viral infections.
protozoan infections.
gram-negative bacterial infections.
fungal infections.
viral infections.
protozoan infections.
answer
gram-negative bacterial infections.
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