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Commerce clause
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The part of the U.S. Constitution that gives congress the power to regulate interstate commerce the basis of much federal regulation
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Necessary and proper clause
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The part of the U.S. Constitution that gives congress the authority to use various powers to execute its functions under the constitution
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Supremacy clause
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States that the constitution and federal laws supreme over the laws of all states
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Interstate commerce
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The carrying on of commercial activity that affects businesses in more than one state
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Political speech
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In constitutional law speech that concerns political as opposed to commercial matters given a high level of protection by the first amendment (public issue)
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Commercial speech
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Expressions made by businesses about commercial matters or political matters the first amendment protects most truthful speech in this category (advertisement)
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Exclusionary rule
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Under the fourth amendment as interpreted by the courts evidence that has been gathered in violation of the search and seizure rules can't be used against a defendant at trial
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Self incrimination
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The rule that a witness is not bound to give testimony that would incriminate them with respect to a criminal act
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Just compensation/takings clause
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The portion of the fifth amendment that states nor shall private property be taken for the public use without just compensation the requirement that when the government uses its power to force a private party to give up a properly interest fair market value should be paid
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Eminent domain
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The power of the government to take private property for public use for fair compensation
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Regulatory takings
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When a government action results in a reduction in the value of private property such instances are usually not subject to compensation under the constitution unless most of the value of the property is destroyed
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Excessive fines
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An excessive penalty that is held to violate the eighth amendment this occurs when a fine or penalty such as prison term is too large relative to the legal violation that occurred
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Due process
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Constitution limitation requiring that a person not be deprived of life liberty of property without a fair and just hearing
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Equal protection clause
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Section one of the 14th amendment to the constitution providing that states treat all persons subject to state laws in a similar manner
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Administrative agency
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A government body established by congress or the president to execute certain functions of congress they transact government business and may write and enforce regulations under the authority of congress or the president
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Delegation of power
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The constitutional right of congress to authorize government agencies to perform certain legal duties
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Enabling statute
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Legislative enactment granting power to an administrative agency
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Administrative law
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Rules and regulations established by administrative agencies to execute the function given them by congress or the president also the law that governs how agencies must operate
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Rule making
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In administrative law the procedures that agencies must follow when issuing rules to interpret or enforce the statutory authority they were granted by congress
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Regulations
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A rule or order having legal force issued by an administrative agency the act or process of controlling by rule
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Agency rule
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In administrative law a rule issued by a regulatory agency under its power granted by congress and subject to procedural requirements that detail the legal obligations of affected parties
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Substantive/legislative rules
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Administrative rulings based on statutory authority granted an agency granted by congress the rules have the same legal force as statutes passed by congress
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Interpretive rules
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Statements issued by administrative agencies that explain how the agencies understands its statutory authority to operate these may be advisory or binding
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Procedural rules
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Under the APA or legislation the process that an administrative agency must follow for its actions to be valid
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Self reporting
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The requirement under many laws that one subject to the law must volunteer certain matters including violations that have occurred to the relevant regulatory authority
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Subpoena
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An order by a court or other legal authority empowered to require a person to appear to give testimony about a certain civil or criminal matter
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Adjudicatory hearing
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In administrative law a formal process involving a regulatory agency and the private parties involved in a complaint procedures are more informal that a court trial but protect due process rights
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Administrative law judge
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A person appointed to conduct an administrative hearing about a regulatory matter usually attorneys who work for the administrative agency such as the FTC serve in this capacity they run a trial like proceeding and issue a decision in the matter based on facts determined at the hearing
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Judicial review
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Authority of a court to reexamine a dispute considered and decided previously by a lower court or by an administrative agency
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Reviewable
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The ability for the decision of a court or agency to be appealed to a higher court or administrative level
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Standing
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The right to sue in a particular court
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Ripeness doctrine
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In administrative law a doctrine that before a matter may be appealed to a court system an agency must have finalized its decision so the matter is ready for court review
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Exhaustion doctrine
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A rule that when a statute provides an administrative remedy relief must be sought through appropriate agency process before a court can act to consider other relief
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Arbitrary and capricious
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A judgement or decision by an administrative agency or judge which is without basis in fact or in law such a decision is often referred to as being without a rational basis
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Cost benefit analysis
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Computing the cost of an activity compared to the estimated monetary value of the benefits from the activity
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Nutrition labeling
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By statute nutritional facts labels must list the percentage supplied required in one day of human nutrients based on the average 2000 calorie a day diet
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Prescription drugs
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A medicine licensed by the FDA that should be dispensed to consumers only with permission of a physician or other qualified medical personnel
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Kefauver amendment
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The portion of the food drug and cosmetic act that requires the FDA to approve drugs only after their safety and effectiveness have been established
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Learned intermediary doctrine
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The rule that a physician or other qualified medical professional will be held liable for misapplication of a prescription medication if ordered for a use not recommended by the producer who is relieved of liability in such instances when a patient is injured by the medicine
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Consent decree
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A judgement entered by consent of the parties and approval of a court whereby the defendant agrees to stop alleged illegal activity without admitting guilt or wrong doing often used to settle complaints by regulatory agencies
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Deception
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In consumer protection law a claim practice or omission likely to be mislead a reasonable consumer and cause the consumer to suffer a loss
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Unfairness
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In a consumer protection law a charge under section 5 of the FTC act that a business practice causes harm that consumers cannot reasonably avoid
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Advertising substantiation program
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A policy of the FTC to review advertisements for content to ensure they are not deceitful
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Lanham act
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Provides a private cause of action for a party injured by misappropriation of trademark and for one injured by false advertising that injures the sale of a competitors product
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Trading regulation rules
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Administrative rules by the FTC or other agencies that hold certain practices to be illegal or create standards that must be met by sellers of certain products or services
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Code of federal regulations
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The codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations published in the federal register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government
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Regulation Z
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A rule issued by the federal reserve board to implement the truth in lending act requiring systematic disclosure of the costs associated with credit transactions associated with truth in lending act
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Credit report
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A report made by a consumer reporting agency concerning the financial condition and credit character of a person or business
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Electronic fund transfer
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Monetary transaction made electronically usually by telephone or computer
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Bill of rights
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First ten amendments in the U.S. constitution added after the constitution was adopted
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Section I article 8
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Where in the constitution is congress given the right to tax commerce clause and foreign trade?
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Commerce among states means interstate commerce
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Gibbons v. Ogden significance
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Supreme court held that congress has the constitutional authority to regulate agriculture production even if the output isn't sold into commerce
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Wickard v. Filburn significance
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Supreme court upheld constitutionality of a bank chartered by congress
State of Maryland couldn't tax a national bank
Creation of a national bank was constitutional under necessary and proper clause
State of Maryland couldn't tax a national bank
Creation of a national bank was constitutional under necessary and proper clause
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McCullough v. Maryland significance
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Government usually needs a warrant except closely regulated industries
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Fourth amendment and businesses
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Yes
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Under the 4th amendment can online chat rooms be monitored?
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Individuals and businesses
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Who is protected from unreasonable search and seizure under the 4th amendment?
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Concerns cruel and unusual punishment and excessive fines
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8th amendment
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Protects individuals against self incrimination by testifying against oneself
Prohibits the taking of private property by government without compensation
Doesn't apply to corporations
Prohibits the taking of private property by government without compensation
Doesn't apply to corporations
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5th amendment
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People can be forced to produce documents that expose a business violation when ordered by a court records aren't covered under self-incrimination
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5th amendment and corporations
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5th amendment
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Which amendment includes the just compensation clause?
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14th amendment
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Which amendment introduced equal protection clause?
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Equal protection clause
Prevents states from passing laws diminishing federal constitutional protection
No deprivation of life liberty or property
Incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to state government
Prevents states from passing laws diminishing federal constitutional protection
No deprivation of life liberty or property
Incorporates protections from the Bill of Rights and applies them to state government
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14th amendment
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If a government rule applies differently to different persons such as on the basis of age or sex
Giving something to one group but not the other
Jim crow laws
Giving something to one group but not the other
Jim crow laws
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How is the 14th amendment violated
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No
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Does equal protection extend to all government activities?
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Make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its constitutional powers
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The necessary an d proper clause allows congress to
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Yes
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Are restrictions on misleading commercial speech generally constitutional?
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Apportionment
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A process of dividing a company's income into an in-state and out-of-state portion meant to protect companies from being taxed on more than 100% of income
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State taxes cannot impede interstate or international commerce or foreign trade
State can't tax someone for passing through state or temporarily
State can't tax someone for passing through state or temporarily
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Taxing on state level rules
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Commercial speech receives less protection than political speech
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What type of speech is more protected?
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Can truthfully advertise professional services
Judgement is "not necessarily perfect but reasonable"
Can advertise about abortions
Can advertise about price of prescription drugs
Judgement is "not necessarily perfect but reasonable"
Can advertise about abortions
Can advertise about price of prescription drugs
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Commercial speech rulings
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Obscenity and child pornography
Defamatory language
Threatening conduct
Fighting words
Defamatory language
Threatening conduct
Fighting words
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What is unprotected speech?
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Sixth amendment
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Right to trial by jury in criminal cases
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Seventh amendment
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Right to trial by jury in common law cases
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Supreme court struck down portions of the McCain-Feingold Act which limited electioneering communication by corporations and unions because since there is no distinction between media and other corporations such restrictions would allow congress to suppress political speech in all media outlets
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Citizens united case significance
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Congress gives an agency power and authority through legislative delegation
Congressional statute delegates powers to the agency through an enabling statute
Congressional statute delegates powers to the agency through an enabling statute
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How are agencies created?
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Proposed rule drafted
Internal review and revision then to agency head
Published federal register
Interested parties can comment 60-90 day public period
Internal review and revision then to agency head
Published federal register
Interested parties can comment 60-90 day public period
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Rulemaking procedure
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Since congress didn't directly address the bubble policy it was up to the EPA whether or not to use it
When considering challenges to agency regulations must give deference to an agencys construction of a statutory scheme
When considering challenges to agency regulations must give deference to an agencys construction of a statutory scheme
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Chevron case significance
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Administrative procedures act
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Act designed to make uniform rules with most agencies some can have specifications
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Sunshine act
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If government agency wants to have hearings they have to be public and give notice
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Yes
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If an agency decision at a meeting held in violation of the sunshine act is the decision still valid?
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Congressional budget process
Agency appropriations and reporting requirements
Cost benefit and risk analysis
Presidential executive orders
Agency appropriations and reporting requirements
Cost benefit and risk analysis
Presidential executive orders
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Direct controls on agencies
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Deference
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Federal courts defer to a federal agency's interpretation or expertise of an unclear statute
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No
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Are there rights to a jury trial in adjudicatory hearings
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An agency filing a complaint
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How are adjudicatory hearings initiated?
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Jurisdiction
Reviewable
Standing
Ripeness
Exhaustion
Reviewable
Standing
Ripeness
Exhaustion
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What is required for judicial review?
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Requiring businesses to self report Direct observation of agency personnel
Obtaining information from subpoena
Obtaining information from subpoena
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How are the regulations of administrative agencies enforced?
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Prohibitions requirements limitations
Withholding of relief
Penalties and fines
Assessment of damages compensation charges or fees
Suspension of license
Withholding of relief
Penalties and fines
Assessment of damages compensation charges or fees
Suspension of license
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Possible agency sanctions
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Sanitation of meats poultry and eggs
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What is the department of agriculture responsible for?
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Bureau of chemistry of the department of agriculture
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Prior to the FDA creation what administered the food and drug act?
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Effectiveness
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What does the Kefauver act have an emphasis on?
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Allows the FDA to regulate food additives
Set safe use levels of additives
Set safe use levels of additives
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Delaney act
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Replaced by food quality protection act 1996 because it was too strict
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Why was the Delaney act replaced?
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Lanham act
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Private parties may initiate civil actions for false advertising claims under
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1973
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The FDA began issuing regulations for nutrition labeling in
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Required the FDA to issue nutrition labels
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Nutrition labeling and education act
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First major federal legislation on consumer credit umbrella law that contains many credit laws passed in 1968 first law was truth in lending act
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Consumer Credit Protection Act
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Provide disclosure of basic information about the cost and terms of credit to consumer borrowers
Requires itemization of charges for such items as credit life insurance
Disclose APR the same
Fees for credit reports in non real estate
Consumer loan from finance company
Civil and criminal penalties
Requires itemization of charges for such items as credit life insurance
Disclose APR the same
Fees for credit reports in non real estate
Consumer loan from finance company
Civil and criminal penalties
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Truth in Lending Act
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When consumer credit transactions are over 25,000 except real estate
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When does TILA not apply?
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Protects consumers from inaccurate charges (billing statement)
Standard procedures to dispute billing errors
Prohibit mailing of unsolicited credit cards
Procedures for lost or stolen credit cards
If successful creditors liable twice the amount of finance charge attorney fees court costs
Standard procedures to dispute billing errors
Prohibit mailing of unsolicited credit cards
Procedures for lost or stolen credit cards
If successful creditors liable twice the amount of finance charge attorney fees court costs
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Fair Credit Billing Act
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When companies raise rates give 45 day notice
Cards not issued to consumers under age 21
Payments on credit card must be applied to higher interest rate of debt portion
Cards not issued to consumers under age 21
Payments on credit card must be applied to higher interest rate of debt portion
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Consumer Credit Card Act
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Regulates credit bureaus
Consumers can see credit reports that result in credit being denied
CBs must:
respond to complaints within 30 days
tell consumers who have asked for their credit history
provide toll free service number
get permission before giving report to employer or that contains medical info
Consumers can see credit reports that result in credit being denied
CBs must:
respond to complaints within 30 days
tell consumers who have asked for their credit history
provide toll free service number
get permission before giving report to employer or that contains medical info
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Fair credit reporting act
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Requires major credit reporting services to lets consumers see credit reports annually for free
allows consumers to correct bad info
helps deal with identity theft
allows consumers to correct bad info
helps deal with identity theft
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Fair and accurate credit transaction act
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Prohibits discrimination against applicants for credit on the basis of race sex religion marital status receipt of public benefits
cannot discourage person applying for credit
cannot use info about potentially having children or reduced/irregular income
credit history must be at applicants request
creditor cannot request info about spouse unless they are involved
cannot discourage person applying for credit
cannot use info about potentially having children or reduced/irregular income
credit history must be at applicants request
creditor cannot request info about spouse unless they are involved
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Equal credit opportunity act
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Prohibits unfair deceptive and abusive collection techniques
Applied to debt collectors not creditors collecting own debt
Applied to debt collectors not creditors collecting own debt
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Fair debt collection practices act
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Amount of debt
Name of creditor
Assume debt is valid
Must show proof of debt if disputed
Name of creditor
Assume debt is valid
Must show proof of debt if disputed
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What must be communicated to debtor?
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Limits liability from stolen ATM card if consumer reports loss of card no more than 50 if notified in 2 days (regulation e) maximum liability 500 if reported in 60 days
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Electronic fund transfer act
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Established consumer financial protection bureau with the federal reserve
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Dodd-Frank Act
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Misrepresentation or omission of info
Likely to mislead reasonable consumer
Deception is material
Likely to mislead reasonable consumer
Deception is material
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Unfair and deceptive advertising if
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All states give attorneys general powers similar to FTC
Can bring suit against those involved in scams
Can bring suit against those involved in scams
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State deceptive practices laws
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Regulates personal property leases that exceed four months in duration that are made to consumers for personal family or household purposes
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Consumer Credit Leasing Act
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Prohibition of practices
Redress for consumers
Payment of civil penalties
Redress for consumers
Payment of civil penalties
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Power of FTC