question
What is microbiome
answer
Sites on humans with microbiome (skin, airway, mouth, gut, genitals)
question
Most common bacteria of skin
answer
Propionibacterium
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Most common bacteria of genitals
answer
Lactobacillus
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Most common bacteria of saliva
answer
Streptococcus
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Most common bacteria of gastro
answer
Bacteridetes
question
What is disbiosis
answer
Imbalance in human microbiome caused by antibodies
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Responsibility of gastro microbiota
answer
Digesting food, absorbing and producing nutrients
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Most common gut bacteria (in order)
answer
firmicutes, bacteridetes, proteobacteria, actinobacteria
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Function of proteobacteria in stomach
answer
regulate metabolism
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What is helicobacter pylori
answer
Stomach ulcers, cured with antibiotics
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Large intestine microbiota
answer
In vivo fermentation (use nutrients from food to produce major effect)
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Where is microbiota in large intestine
answer
Lumen and mucosa
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What are the gut enterotypes
answer
Bacteriodes, prevotella, ruminococcus
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What does the gut enterotypes do
answer
Influences response to diet and drug therapy and is a health and disease contributor
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Microbial function of immune system
answer
Needs microbial stimulation to function, immune system is built with exposure after birth
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What microbe causes obesity
answer
Firmicutes with increased methanogenic archaea
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What else causes obesity
answer
Decreased H2 and fermentation
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Bacteria of oral and airways
answer
Firmicutes, bacteriodetes, proteobacteria
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What is oral plaque defined by
answer
Microbial assembly of streptococcus held together with a slime layer
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How does plaque break down teeth
answer
Fermenters produce acid that wears down enamel (lactic acid dissolves CaPO4)
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Additional factors that decay teeth
answer
Streptococcus mutants use dextran to attach to teeth and gums, oral biofilm produce increases the concentration of organic acids
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Respiratory microbiota characteristics
answer
bacteria trapped in mucus of nasal passage kills stomach
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How does microbiota differ in upper and lower respiratory
answer
Microbes thrive in upper, no normal in lower
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What causes microbiota of genital
answer
Altered pH via E. coli and proteus mirabilis
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What bacteria affect genital
answer
Lactobacillus acidophilus
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What do lactobacillus acidophilus do
answer
Ferment glycogen to produce lactic acid and keep it acidic
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What causes skin microbiota
answer
Skin varies in chemical composition and moisture due to environment and host
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Bacteria of skin
answer
actinobacteria, firmicutes, proteobacteria, bacteriodetes
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What is virome
answer
Respiratory disease
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What is the Koch's postilates process
answer
1 suspected agent absent from health organism, 2 agen isolated from disease and grown in pure culture, 3 culture agent cause same disease when in healthy organism, 4 same cause agent reisolated
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What is a pathogen
answer
Microbial parasite with disease in the host
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What is Pathogencitiy
answer
A parasite inflict damage to host
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What is infection
answer
Microrganism not normally present in and growing in the host with or without harm
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What is Virulence
answer
measure of pathogenicity
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What is an opportunistic pathogen
answer
Causes disease without normal host resistance
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What is disease
answer
damage to host impairing the function
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What are the steps of virulence
answer
Exposure, Infection (adherence, invasion, multiplication), disease (toxicity/ invasiveness, tissue damage)
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What is adherence step
answer
Gain access to host and multiply, attach to epithelial cells with macromolecular interactions
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What are adhesions
answer
Glycoproteins or lipoproteins where pathogens adhere with specific receptor molecules
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What is the SdrG c terminal
answer
Gram positive cell wall bacteria that binds glycoprotein, fibrinogen
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Facilitation without covalent linkage
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Capsule forms thick coat for sticky cell receptors to facilitate attachment onto host and protect bacteria
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What factors help with attachment
answer
Fimbriae, flagella, pili and capsules
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What is the colonize phase
answer
growth after entering the host
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What is the invade phase
answer
Bacteria enter, spread and cause disease
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What is necessary for colonization and invasion
answer
Need available nutrients (amino acids, sugar, iron)
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What is bacterema
answer
Bacteria in blood
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What is septicemia
answer
Blood system infection, can cuase death
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How do pathogens increase invasivness
answer
Enzymes break down/alter host tissue to gain access to nutrients or protect pathogen via infecting host defense
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What is the virulence measure
answer
Experimental study of lethal dose 50 (amount that kills 50% of test animals)
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What does the LD50 mean
answer
Lower number is more virulent
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What is toxicity
answer
Toxins that inhibit cell function and kill
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What is invasiveness
answer
The ability of a pathogen to grow in host to inhibit function
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What factors enhance pathogencitity
answer
Toxicity and invasiveness
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What is attenuation
answer
Decreased virulence, when pathogens kept in lab virulence decreases, used to make attenuated vaccines
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What are attenuated vaccines
answer
They isolate viruses from diseased persons and pass virus through organisms
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What are pathogenicity islands
answer
Clusters on the chromosome with Genes that direct invasion
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How are pathogenicity islands acquired
answer
Horizontal gene transfer, SPI1 via protein invasion, SPI2 via promoting systemic diseases
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Virulence in salmonella components
answer
Enterendotoxins, siderophores, type 1 fimbriae, virulence, cytotoxins, vi capsule antigen, flagella, pathogen island, o antigen, antiphagocytic proteins, endotoxins
question
What is compromised host
answer
Infections with viruses that weaken the immune system
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What are enzyme virulence factors
answer
Invasiveness from pathogen breakdown of host tisssues with enzymes that attack the host cell
question
Enzyme virulence factor examples
answer
Hyaluronidase, cogulase (cause clot), and streptokinase (break down clots)
question
What causes hyaluronidase
answer
Hyaluron producer attaches to epithelia to produce hyluronidase, then the pathogen invades deeper tissue
question
Process of coagulase and streptokinase
answer
Staphylococci enter and produce coagulates, clot walls off pathogen to block access to immune cells, streptokinase dissolves clot and releases pathogen to bloodstream
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What are exoenzymes
answer
Glycohydrolases which degrade hylornic acid, nucleases which degrade DNA, phosphplipase that degrades phospholipid bilayer, and protease that degrades collagen
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What are exotoxins
answer
Toxic proteins released from pathogens (cytolytic, AB, superantigen)
question
What is toxicity
answer
The ability to cause disease from killing host
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What is AB toxin
answer
Binding to host cell receptor (B subunit) and transfer damaging agent (A subunit)
question
Diphtheria toxin bacteria
answer
Corynebacterium diptheriae affecting proteins to cause cell death
question
Tetanus bacteria
answer
Clostridium tetnai affecting CNS to cause paralysis
question
Botulinum bacteria
answer
Clostridium botulinum affecting CNS to cause paralysis (AB most potent)
question
Enterotoxin bacteria
answer
Vibrio cholerae affecting intestine causing diarrhea
question
What is diphtheria exotoxin
answer
Gram positive, Corynebacterium diptheriae, A domain adds ADP-ribosyl to EF-TU to prevent translation
question
What is phage conversion
answer
Conversion of nonpathogenic strains to toxigenic and pathogenic infections with beta hemolysis
question
What is botulinum
answer
Normal muscle contraction ACh induces contraction but in this case it blocks the release (Botox)
question
What is tetanus
answer
Normal muscle has glycine that stops ACh allowing muscle to relax, tetanus prevents glycine release
question
What are Enterotoxins
answer
small intestine affecting exotoxins causing increase in fluid secretion (vomit and diarrhea)
question
What is cholera entertoxin
answer
AB toxin, from vibrio cholera causes cholera
question
What does cytolytic mean
answer
degrades cytoplasm membrane
question
What is hemolysins
answer
Lyse RBC
question
What are superantigens
answer
Overstimulate immune system cause shock and death, gram positive staphlococci aureus and streptococcus pyogenes
question
What do superantigens cause
answer
Food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, fever
question
What are endotoxins
answer
Lipopolysaccharide cell envelope, gram negative, toxic when solubilized (lipid A)
question
Toxicity of endotoxins
answer
Less toxic than exo but can still cause death
question
Lab safety levels
answer
Level 1 is least dangerous, level 4 is most
question
Standards of labs
answer
Restrict access, goof hygene, PPE, vaccinate, be safe, clean up, aseptic technique
question
Hospital infections causes
answer
From healthcare facility (called nonsocmial infection) patients or workers infection that are antibiotic resistant
question
What is workflow
answer
Collecting specimines (naso or urine) then analyzing them
question
How to identify specimens
answer
Search for antibodies, antigens or pathogens or grow bacteria to identify
question
What is specificity
answer
Ability to recognize target pathogen and minimize false positives
question
What is sensitivity
answer
The minimum pathogen for test to detect it to minimize false negatives
question
How to detect pathogens
answer
Collect samples of tissues and fluid and handle properly, identify with microscope
question
What is a positive oxidase test
answer
Purple
question
Alpha beta and gamma hemolysis
answer
A- red around, b- yellow around, g- white dot
question
What can be cultured with selective and differential medium
answer
UTI pathogens
question
What is selective medium
answer
Inhibits growth, rapid
question
What is differential medium
answer
Identified with growth and color (enzymes)
question
What is bacteremia
answer
Presence of bacteria in blood
question
What is septicemia
answer
Blood infection identified with blood cultures
question
UTI and fecal cultures characteristics
answer
Cultured with general purpose media (inhibit gram -)
question
How to test wounds
answer
Gain sample of tissue or puss and test with chromogenic agar, pink is MRSA
question
What is thayer martin media
answer
Selective that inhibits bacteria growth
question
Anoxic jar
answer
No O2 for anaerobic growth
question
What is an antimicrobial test
answer
Disc diffusion test to asses susceptibility
question
Minimum inhibition concentration
answer
Antibiotic dilution assay via broth or agar
question
What is E-test
answer
Expensive, see how far white goes on strip
question
What is the nucleic acid test
answer
PCR and RT-PCR
question
What is qPCR
answer
Hybridized primer that determines only presence of DNA
question
What is membrane filter assay
answer
It uses probe and reporter then detected with radioactivity detector, fluorimeter and colorimeter
question
What is dipstick
answer
Capture probe, hybridize sample to make target DNA and measure reporter level
question
What is serology
answer
The study of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro, antibodies increase with elevation
question
What determines serology usefulness
answer
Specificity and sensitivity
question
What are immunoassays
answer
They use antibodies for pathogens or products for in vitro tests
question
What are types of immunoassays
answer
Agglutination, ELISA and radioimmunoassay
question
What is monoclonal antibody
answer
More specific
question
What are epitopes
answer
Where the antibody binds
question
What is precipitate
answer
Can have access antibody, equal, or antigen excess
question
What are characteristics of agglutination
answer
Clumping, simple and rapid, sensitive, identify blood groups, passive or direct
question
Direct agglutination
answer
Clumping from interaction with antigen to classify antigens
question
What is passive agglutination
answer
Clumping from soluble antigen/antibody or insoluble particles, sensitive
question
What is neutralization
answer
Interaction of antibody with antigen to block antigen and eliminate biological activity (in vitro or in vivo)
question
What is immunofluorescence
answer
Direct (antibody target against surface antigen) or indirect (no fluorescence- increase sensitivity)
question
What are the fluorescent dyes
answer
Rhodamine B (red), fluorescent isothiocyanate (yellow, green)
question
How does pathogen produce a fluoresce
answer
If it has surface antigen reactive with antibody
question
What is western blot
answer
An immunoblot with electroporesis of proteins, direct specific antibodies
question
Different types of enzyme and radioimmunoassay
answer
Direct- detect antigen, indirect- detect antibody, sandwich- detect antibody, combination
question
What do rapid tests lack
answer
Sensitivity and specificity
question
What do the different lines mean on a rapid test
answer
Control- 2 antibodies and chromophore, test line- antibody and antigen and chromophore
question
What is epidemiology
answer
Study occurrence, distribution and determinant of health and disease
question
Where are infectious diseases higher
answer
Developing countries
question
What is incidence
answer
Number of new cases
question
What is prevelence
answer
New and existing cases
question
Epidemic
answer
Large number of people in a population at once
question
Pandemic
answer
Worldwide
question
Endemic
answer
Disease constantly present
question
Subclinical infection
answer
Diseased individual with mild/no symptoms
question
Stages of infection
answer
Infection (invade host), incubation (in between infect and symptoms) acute period (height), decline (symotoms decrease), covalent (return to normal)
question
What is mortality
answer
Incidence of death
question
What is morbidity
answer
Incidence of disease, fatal and non
question
Disability adjust life year
answer
Measure of time lost becuase of disease
question
What is coevolution
answer
Of host and parasite (common), decreases virulence and increases resistance
question
What is herd immunity
answer
The resistance of group to infection due to high population of immunity
question
What is the process of disease transmission
answer
Escape from host, travel, and enter into new host directly or indirectly or air borne
question
What are Reservoirs
answer
sites in which infectious agents remain viable (can infect)
question
What is zoonosis
answer
Any disease that infects animals but sometimes humans
question
What is a common host
answer
Epidemic arising from contamination of food and water
question
What is host to host
answer
A slow progression
question
What are carriers
answer
Pathogen infected individual showing no sign of clinical disease
question
What is the Ro
answer
basic reproduction number, the number of expected secondary cases of disease
question
What is the prevalence of a disease
answer
The total new and existing cases
question
What are rates shown as
answer
#/100 000
question
Common STI's and treatment
answer
Gonorrhea (ce. and azith or doxy), syphilis (benzaathine penicillin), chlamydia (dox. or azith) hepers, warts, trichomoniasis, aids (HIV)
question
Where is the highest rate of STI's
answer
Men who have sex with men
question
What are characteristics of retrovirus
answer
RNA, surface envelope protist, transmembrane protein, enzymes, lipid membrane, core shell, core protein
question
What are respiratory pathogens
answer
Gram positive, viruses that affect upper and lower respiratory differently
question
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes
answer
Pneumonia, vaccine availible and treated with penicillinn
question
Group a streptococcus characteristics
answer
Low number, affect upper respiratory, gram positive, chains, beta hemolysis, pus wounds
question
S. pyogenes characteristics
answer
Strep throat, ear infection and mammary gland
question
What is a viral disease
answer
most prevalent because viruses can remain infectious for long, acute, controlled with vaccine
question
What is antigenic shift
answer
Change in virus due to gene reassortment
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