ch 1: globalization and health

poverty

transnational health

- equity

- Ideas and technology shared
- Increased living standards
- Global stewardships: social justice and equity

- Increased health problems r/t western lifestyle and diet
- Overcrowding urban areas
- Brain Drain (educated members of poor countries migrate to higher resourced countries)
- Fast transmission of infectious disease

higher

True

True
d/t: drug overdoses (opioid addiction), suicide and liver disease

coronary artery disease and stoke

Alzheimer disease and other dementia, DM

Africa

20

Child restraints, seat belts, drinking & driving, speeding, motorcycle helmets

preterm birth complications
acute respiratory infections

Pneumonia

- Temperature extremes, air pollutants, allergens, alterations in ecosystems, population displacement

- High-stress
- Challenges related to HIV/AIDS
- Discrimination and violence (gender based)
- Migration of Nurses

-international organization, founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.
- Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: 17 Goals.
- Deals with peace and security, global development, human rights, humanitarian affairs, and international law

Funds governments and private foundations to develop projects to improve the health status of those living in economically impoverished countries

United Nations Children's Fund formed after WWII to assist children in Europe then expanded globally
Focus on projects such as:
- Child survival and development
- Gender equality and education
- HIV/AIDS
- Violence

Assist the world's most vulnerable people
- Disaster management (provisions during war, famine, natural disasters)
- Family Reunification
- Promoting humanitarian principles and laws

works in over 100 countries to:
- Promote Global Health
- Support Global Stability
- Provide Humanitarian Assistance
- Catalyze Innovation and Partnership
- Empower Women and Girls

- Primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations' system.
Main areas of work:
- Health Systems
- Promoting health through the life-course
- Non-communicable diseases
- Communicable diseases
- Corporate services
- Preparedness, surveillance and response.

Provides technical cooperation and mobilizes partnerships to improve health and quality of life in the Americas
- Serves as the Regional Office for the Americas of the WHO
- Worlds oldest international public health agency (founded in 1902)

increasing economic, political, social, technologic, and intellectual interconnectedness of the world.

- communicable = decreasing
- noncommunicable = increasing

1) Life expectancy at birth increased globally by 6 years since 1990
2) Around 6.6 million children died (2014) and 5.6 million children died (2016)
3) Preterm birth is leading killer of newborn babies world wide
4) CV diseases are leading causes of death world wide
5) Most HIV/AIDS deaths occur in Africa (no longer the leading cause of death)
6) Complications from pregnancy and childbirth = 800 deaths daily
7) Mental disorders among the 20 leading causes of disability
8) Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year
9) Almost 1 in 10 adults has diabetes
10) 3500 die from MVA daily (increasing)

- on the rise in developing
- declining in developed

64%

endemic

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development

10x fewer

the disability-adjusted life year [DALY], which is a time-based measure combining years of life lost due to premature mortality (being subject to death) and years of life lost due to time lived in states of less than full health

between 1990 and 2013, the life expectancy at birth increased from 53 to 62 years in low income countries and from 75 to 79 years in high income countries

first systemic and comprehensive assessment of data on disease, injuries and risk since 1990

- increasing
- decreasing

increased

25%

blood pressure followed by tobacco, alcohol, and poor diet

1)Ischemic Heart Disease
2) Cerebrovascular disease
3)COPD
4)Lower respiratory infections
5) Lung Cancer
6) HIV/AIDS
7)Diarrheal diseases
8)Road injury
9)DM
10)TB
11)Malaria
12) Cirrhosis

a useful perspective for nurses and other health workers in identifying priorities for programs to address the most pressing health needs

has been used to characterize this imbalance, referring to the concept that only 10% of the worlds research resources are used to address health problems that affect 90% of the world's population.

a political change activity that meets the dual goals of improving global health while maintaining and strengthening international relations abroad, particularly in conflict areas and resource poor environments

the principle underlying a commitment to reduce and ultimately eliminate disparities in health and in its determinants, including social determinants

poverty

-East Asia and Pacific regions
-Africa

50%

racial/ethnic status, presence of physical and mental disabilities such as mental illness or HIV / AIDS, and inequitable distribution of global resources including funding for research to address global health problems.

are a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with economic, social, or environmental disadvantage. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater social or economic obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group, religion, socioeconomic status, gender, age, mental health, etc

35% in 1990 to 10.7% in 2013

significant disparities in spending for health and for health research between the rich and poor countries of the world

- Infectious Diseases
- Communicable diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria)
- Noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer)
- Accidents

preterm birth

- Changes in intensity of extreme heat waves, foods and droughts
- Changes in air pollutants and allergens
- Alteration in ecosystems, water and food supplies which in turn influence the incidence of infectious diseases as well as nutrition stats
- Population displacement due to rising sea levels

- By changing he severity or frequency of health problems that are already influenced by climate factors
- By creating unanticipated or unprecedented health problems in areas where they have notpreviously occurred

- Heat related illnesses
- cardiopulmonary illness
- food, water, and vector born diseases
- mental health problems and stress

Millennium Developmental Goals

High-stress
Challenges related to HIV/AIDS
Discrimination and violence (gender based)
Migration of Nurses

10X

11%, 25%

pandemic

health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions