question
The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?
answer
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
question
Pharyngitis caused by ? tend to be mild and sometimes leads to hoarseness, whereas pharyngitis caused by ? is usually more painful and includes fever, headache, and nausea.
answer
Virus
Bacteria
Bacteria
question
Which type of viruses is the most common causative agent for the common cold?
answer
rhinoviruses
question
Sinusitis is most commonly caused by which three of the following?
answer
Infections
Allergies
Structural problems with nose
Allergies
Structural problems with nose
question
The upper respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?
answer
Epiglottis
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Oral cavity
Larynx
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx
Oral cavity
question
True or false: Organisms that have the potential to cause serious disease are often members of the microbial population in the upper respiratory tract, but may not actually cause disease in the host.
answer
True
question
Vaccination against which of the following has been recommended as part of the childhood vaccination schedule to prevent the most common cause of acute otitis media?
answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae
question
Inflammation of the throat is known as which of the following?
answer
pharyngitis
question
Although bacteria, fungi, and a wide variety of viruses can cause pneumonias, what do they have in common?
answer
their ability to circumvent host defenses and survive in the lower respiratory tract
question
Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and adenoviruses are all major causes of which of the following?
answer
the common cold
question
Influenza A viruses are named according to which of the following?
answer
differing H and N spikes
question
Most commonly, sinusitis is caused by which of the following?
answer
allergies
question
Binding of influenza causes rapid shedding of ciliated epithelia, removing the protective mechanism of ciliary clearance. Sometimes the immune system responds too aggressively, resulting in a " ? ?" that leads to more severe irritation and inflammation of the lungs.
answer
Cytokine storm
question
The common name for pertussis comes from which of the following?
answer
the sound a patient makes during uncontrollable bouts of coughing
question
Prevnar is a ? vaccine against S. pneumoniae and is part of recommended childhood preventative care.
answer
Conjugated
question
Which of the following agents usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children?
answer
respiratory syncytial virus
question
What must an organism be able to do to cause pneumonia?
answer
Survive the immune defenses
Penetrate the lower respiratory tract
Penetrate the lower respiratory tract
question
H1N1 caused a limited pandemic in which year?
answer
2009
question
Which describes the current rates of TB worldwide?
answer
They are increasing.
question
The binding of influenza viruses to respiratory epithelial cells results in which of the following?
answer
Inflammation
Limited protection by cilia
Shedding of epithelial cells
Limited protection by cilia
Shedding of epithelial cells
question
Which of the following is another name for whooping cough?
answer
pertussis
question
Only what percent of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case?
answer
5-10
question
What percent of the world's population is currently infected with tuberculosis?
answer
25
question
True or false: People with untreated TB often have a normal life span, with alternate periods of disease.
answer
True
question
Identify the three types of tuberculosis.
answer
secondary
extrapulmonary
primary
extrapulmonary
primary
question
What caused the decline of TB cases in the 1940s?
answer
Discovery of streptomycin
question
Which cells are the first to mount an attack on the TB bacterium?
answer
Alveolar macrophages
question
Which of the following organs are most commonly involved in extrapulmonary TB?
answer
Long bones
Genital tract
Lymph nodes
Kidneys
Brain/meninges
Genital tract
Lymph nodes
Kidneys
Brain/meninges
question
True or false: Infection with the tuberculosis bacterium occurs rather easily, but only a small percentage of those infected will experience disease.
answer
True
question
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB include which of the following?
answer
bloody/green sputum
loss of appetite
low-grade fever
fatigue
night sweats
chest pain
weight loss
violent coughing
loss of appetite
low-grade fever
fatigue
night sweats
chest pain
weight loss
violent coughing
question
85% of all cases of tuberculosis are contained in which of the following?
answer
Lungs
question
Alveolar ? phagocytize Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells but the bacteria continue to multiply inside of these cells.
answer
Macrophages
question
Which of the following types of tuberculosis occurs when the infection spreads to other organs outside the lungs?
answer
extrapulmonary
question
What is the approximate percent of mortality of untreated secondary tuberculosis?
answer
60
question
The signs and symptoms of secondary TB do not include which of the following?
answer
weight gain
high fever
clear sputum
nausea/vomiting
high fever
clear sputum
nausea/vomiting
question
Which of the following is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
answer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
question
Which of the following describes the M. tuberculosis cell wall?
answer
Contains mycolic acid
Difficult to stain
Contains waxes
Contains cord factor
Difficult to stain
Contains waxes
Contains cord factor
question
Which of the following is the mode of transmission for TB?
answer
fomite contamination
question
Without treatment, the majority of patients with ? TB will die.
answer
Secondary
question
? staining shows luminescent yellow-green bacteria against a dark background.
answer
Fluorescence
question
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered ?-? because it is difficult to stain.
answer
Acid-fast
question
Failure of the patient to adhere to the antibiotic treatment regimen against tuberculosis can lead to ? resistance.
answer
Antibiotic
question
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains a high content of complex lipids, mainly ? acid and ?, making it difficult to stain.
answer
Mycolic
waxes
waxes
question
Tuberculosis is transmitted primarily through fine ? of respiratory mucus suspended in the air.
answer
droplets
question
What type of staining may be used to identify Mycobacteria in a sputum sample?
answer
acid-fast
question
The cord factor of M. tuberculosis is associated with virulent strains and causes the organism to form ? cords while growing.
answer
Serpentine
question
Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
answer
Trachea
question
which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract
answer
Sinuses
question
What feature of the respiratory system protect it from infection?
answer
Nasal hairs
Cilia
Macrophages
Mucus
Cilia
Macrophages
Mucus
question
Which antibody is concentrated in the respiratory tract?
answer
IgA
question
Normal biota of the upper respiratory tract include
answer
A. Corynebacterium.
B. Candida albicans.
C. Haemophilus influenzae.
D. Staphlococcus aureus.
B. Candida albicans.
C. Haemophilus influenzae.
D. Staphlococcus aureus.
question
Normal biota of the upper respiratory tract include
answer
A. Streptococcus pyogenes.
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae.
C. Neisseria meningitidis.
D. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci.
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae.
C. Neisseria meningitidis.
D. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci.
question
The most common type of virus leading to rhinitis is
answer
rhinovirus
question
Cold viruses are transmitted by
answer
droplet contact and indirect contact
question
The most common mode of transmission for sinusitis is
answer
Endogenous
question
A diagnosis of tuberculosis involves a(n)
answer
A. chest X ray.
B. acid-fast stain of sputum.
C. sputum culture.
D. tuberculin skin test.
B. acid-fast stain of sputum.
C. sputum culture.
D. tuberculin skin test.
question
__________ is an inflammatory condition of the sinuses that often follows a bout of the common cold and can result from a mixed infection due to the excellent growth media provided by the trapped inflammatory
answer
Sinusitis
question
The influenza virus is able to evade the immune response by two mechanisms: antigenic ___, and antigenic
answer
Shift
drift.
drift.
question
Tuberculosis is a disease of poverty since susceptibility is increased in the face of inadequate nutrition and poor access to medical care.
answer
True
question
(T/F) Antibiotic treatment for otitis media is standard procedure today.
answer
False
question
(T/F) Secondary bacterial infections may occur with the common cold.
answer
True
question
(T/F) Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of global respiratory infection outbreaks in infants 6 months of age or younger.
answer
True
question
(T/F) An induration of less than 5mm in the Mantoux test is negative for TB.
answer
True
question
(T/F) A paroxysmal cough is associated with Legionnaires' disease.
answer
False
question
(T/F) Medical professionals actually observe MDRTB patients take their medicine through a program called DOT.
answer
True
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