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Social Determinants of Health
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Societal factors, such as life circumstances in which people are born, live, work, and age, that affect health.
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Pathogenesis
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The origins of disease as defined by biomedicine.
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Salutogenesis
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Antonovsky's term describing the origins of positive health, which was introduced to encourage researchers to pay attention to the factors that protect and enhance good health.
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Personal Determinants
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Factors specific to the individual that exert an internal influence on health, such as genetic makeup, beliefs, attitudes and behavioural practices.
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Structural Determinants
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Factors evident at the societal level that exert an internal influence on health, including aspects of social and economic environments such as income distribution, rates of unemployment, living and working conditions, and the organization of health care.
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Natural Environment
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Aspects of the physical environment that affect health, such as air and water quality.
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Built Environment
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Aspects of the physical environment that affect health, such as housing and the design of cities.
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Urban Health Penalty
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The finding that those who live in urban centres have worse health than those who live in rural areas.
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Health Literacy
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The ability to access, understand, and evaluate information as a way to maintain and improve health across the life course.
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Population Aging
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A trend whereby the proportion of people over the age of 65 is expected to accelerate in the future.
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Age Structure
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A demographic term used to describe the age composition of a population.
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Age Stratification
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The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege among people at different stages in the life course, which has both direct and indirect effects on health.
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Emotional Support
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Supportive social relationships that contribute to feelings of being cared for and valued, which helps us to feel part of a meaningful network or group of people.
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Instrumental Support
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Supportive social relationships that provide individuals with practical assistance with the activities of daily living.
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Informational Support
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Supportive social relationships that are an important source of information about health-related matters.
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Primary Determinants
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Factors that have a direct effect on health, such as household income, education level, and employment status.
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Secondary Determinants
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Factors that reflect our living and working conditions and play an important intervening role between social status and health status, such as daily behavioural practices (smoking) and psychosocial well-being (sense of coherence).
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Horizontal Structures
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Raphael's term describing immediate factors that have a direct impact on health, such as family environment, the nature of work and workplace, and availability of neighbourhood resources (recreational facilities).
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Vertical Structures
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Raphael's term to describe distant, macro-level factors that indirectly influence health, such as social, political, and economic policies regarding social welfare or taxation (child tax benefits).
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