Chapter 1 – Thinking About Individual and Population Health

Relevant health factors at level of individual include ______, ______, ____________ ________________, and _______ __________ arising from person's behavior and environment.

______________ variables characterize a whole, not parts.

The individual-level model of health and disease.

There are two variants of the risk factor model -- _______________ and ______________.

Focuses on interaction of host and agent.

Emphasizes health behavior/lifestyle factors.

What are biomedical and behavioral variants both based on?

Key considerations regarding the host are ______, _______, and _______________.

_______________ factors interact with host susceptibilities; __________ factors modify potential impact of behavioral factors.

____________ factors interact with behavioral factors and susceptibilities.

Frequently used as a signifier of how healthy a person is likely to be and how much longer they will probably live.

Age is not a powerful or precise predictor because of substantial variation at all ages in _________, ________________, and _____________________ of people, variability in potential for ____________ __________, and vast differences in __________ and _______ ________________ at different ages in different populations.

Biologic sex is a _____________, not entirely separate states.

Sex is cofounded with ___________ (social expectations placed on a person and the roles that person adopts).

Gender is comprised of features closely aligned to the kind of ____________ in which men and women find themselves.

Biomedical variant will emphasize ______ whereas behavioral variant will emphasize ___________.

The study of gene expression comprises the rapidly growing field of ________________.

Neither our _________ nor the _________________ decisively determines who we are and how healthy we will be -> biological entities adapt to _________________ in which they find themselves.

Environmental and social conditions modify not only behavior but also ___________ ________________ (which genes are active and how active each is).

There are very few unambiguously ____________ ______________.

We have not found specific features of the ____________ that might be health conferring.

It is not clear that behavior is a straightforward function of _________________ __________.

Some of our behavior is virtually inexplicable without reference to the __________ we were with and without interpreting specific _____________, an individual-level analysis will either fail or mislead.

The study of the social determinant of health behavior is emerging as an important field -- _________ ________________ ____ ________________.

Two weaknesses of individual-level approach to health-relevant behavior are that the approach draws us into trying to change _______________ _____________ as our key strategy for improving health and the approach lends itself to ____________ ______ ____________ of disease.

Factors associated with developments that had nothing to do with the experiment.

If we target ___________ rather than _________________ _____________, important health-related changes become feasible.

Human artifacts in the sense that they arise from the interaction of people in groups.

Study of birth and death rates in human populations.

Changes from infectious and parasitic diseases in poorer places to chronic diseases in richer ones.

First phase of demographic transition - from stage of _______ economic development characterized by _______ birth and _______ death rates and hence near zero population growth to stage of _______________ wealth and urbanization characterized by ______________ death rates but _________________ birth rates.

Second phase of demographic transition - From stage characterized by _______ birth rates to stage of relatively ______________ economic development characterized by ______________ birth rates.

Third phase of demographic transition - from period of ______________ birth and death rates to ______________ stage of economic development characterized by _________ ______________ of population.

Another feature when we compare the situation in rich countries today with that of poorer ones is causes of _____________ and _________ are different.

Any departure from normal state.

Number of new cases that arise in specified population in specific period of time; considered a rate.

Not a rate; simple count of number of cases in population at point in time.

Counts of number of people who died within given period; cannot be compared.

Average lifespan for men and women in given population.

It is wise to separate ________-_______ mortality from _______-_______ mortality to avoid skewing results.

Calculation of years of life lost before age 70.

Only years spent in good health are counted in calculating life expectancy.

Related measure that discounts years of life spent disabled.

Deaths of children less than one year old.

The factors that influence health: _______ and ___________, health behaviors, _________ environment/characteristics, ___________ environment or total ___________, _________ services or ___________ ________, ___________, social _________, and healthy ________ __________________.

Complex, intertwined, and numerous social structures and economic systems.

SDH are responsible for most ________ ________________.

SDH include the _________ environment, ___________ environment, _________ services, and _____________ and ______________ factors.

Determinants of health are ______% genetics, _____% healthcare, and ______% social, environmental, and behavioral factors.

The U.S. spends _______ on medical care and has _________ outcomes than any other developed country.

Upstream - social ____________/_______________ (influences); social ____________ (intervention).

Midstream - environmental _______________ (influences); environmental __________ (intervention).

Downstream - ________________/___________ (influences); _______________ (intervention).

Strong perceptions that physical activity, dietary habits, and related health outcomes are guided solely and primarily by ________________ _________, ________________ ______________, and _________________.

Individual willpower alone does not account for the many ________-__________________ environmental factors that exert influence on the individual.

________-______________ factors (biological and psychological factors) ultimately have much less influence for achieving optimal health than we might like to think.

Impact of different factors on risk of premature death: Health care ____%, genetics _____%, individual behavior ______%, social and environmental factors ______%.

Differences in disease rates, disability patterns, life expectancy, SES, opportunity, unequal and unjust, vulnerable or disadvantaged populations.

______ ______ in America die at a higher rate than anywhere in the developed world.

The _____________ ____ _______ (the environments, institutions, policies) must be addressed to improve health for all.

Social determinants are considered root cause of our health and disease; often times it is also known as _______ of cause.

SDH are shaped by the division and allocation of _________, _________, and _____________ of community/nation.

10 key determinants which influence health outcomes: social ___________, ________ life, ________, social ______________, ___________ conditions, ____________________, social ___________, _______________, healthy _______ and ____________.

Health inequities and SDH are considered critical component for achieving ________________ _______________ ________ and _____________ _________ _____________.

3 overarching recommendations/principles of action given by WHO commission: improve ________ _________ conditions, tackle inequitable distribution of _________, _________, and ______________, and measure and understand ___________ and assess impact of __________.

Healthy People 2020 highlights importance of addressing social determinants of health by including "create __________ and ____________ environments that promote good health for all" as one of four overarching goals for the decade.

A ________-________ organizing framework includes economic stability, education, social and community context, health and health care, and neighborhood and built environment.

Structural determinants - ___________________ and _____________ context (governance, policies, and values), socioeconomic ______________ (education, occupation, gender, ethnicity, income, social class).

Intermediary determinants - ____________ circumstances, _________________ factors, _____________/________________ factors.

Social _____________ and social ____________ are both structural and intermediary determinants.

_____________ mortality is key indicator of health inequity.

__________________ is a disease of poverty.

Health disparities are huge in __________.

The social determinants of health emphasize ______________ and _________________.

Health is influenced by ________ _____, __________, and __________ __________________.

The shift in the causes of death from infectious disease to chronic disease is known as the ____________________ _______________.

The social determinants of health are the conditions that affect _________ and ____________-___-________.

Cultural factors, social networks, environmental factors and health systems are collectively known as what?

Systematic differences in health outcomes are known as what?

The best strategy for improving health is a _______________ approach.