question
What is a disease?
answer
damage or injury to the host that impairs host function
-injury to a host organism, caused by a pathogen or other factor, that affects host function
(TB)
-injury to a host organism, caused by a pathogen or other factor, that affects host function
(TB)
question
What is a pathogen?
answer
any disease-producing microorganism (PP$$)
-an organism, usually a microorganism, that grows in or on a host and causes disease
-an organism, usually a microorganism, that grows in or on a host and causes disease
question
What is pathogenicity?
answer
Ability to produce pathological change or disease (PP$$)
question
Pathogens typically adhere to?
answer
epithelial cells through specific interactions between molecules on the pathogen and molecules on the host tissues (PP)
question
In addition, pathogens may adhere to each other, forming?
answer
biofilms, with the biofilm itself adhering to specific tissues (PP)
question
What is adherence?
answer
the enhanced ability of a microorganism to attach to a cell or a surface (TB)
question
(BIOFILMS)
Attachment and growth have been well studied in the formation of?
Attachment and growth have been well studied in the formation of?
answer
biofilms on tooth surfaces (PP$$)
question
(BIOFILMS)
Acidic glycoproteins from saliva form a?
Acidic glycoproteins from saliva form a?
answer
thin film (provide attachment site) (PP)
question
(BIOFILMS)
The thin film that is produced from acidic glycoproteins from saliva provides?
The thin film that is produced from acidic glycoproteins from saliva provides?
answer
1) an attachment site for bacterial cells
and
2) oral streptococci quickly colonize it
-Streptococci colonize the film
(PP$$)
and
2) oral streptococci quickly colonize it
-Streptococci colonize the film
(PP$$)
question
(BIOFILMS)
What are the two common agents in tooth decay?
What are the two common agents in tooth decay?
answer
S. sobrinus and S. mutans (PP)
question
(BIOFILMS)
Both of these organisms (S. sobrinus and S. mutans) produce a?
Both of these organisms (S. sobrinus and S. mutans) produce a?
answer
capsule (PP)
question
(BIOFILMS)
The S. sobrinus capsule contains?
The S. sobrinus capsule contains?
answer
adhesins specific for host salivary glycoproteins (PP)
question
(BIOFILMS)
Whereas S. mutans resides in crevices and small fissures where it relies on?
Whereas S. mutans resides in crevices and small fissures where it relies on?
answer
dextran—a strongly adhesive polysaccharide—that it produces to secure cells to the tooth and gum surface
-Dextran = polysaccharide
(PP$$)
-Dextran = polysaccharide
(PP$$)
question
(BIOFILMS)
Both S. sobrinus and S. mutans are?
Both S. sobrinus and S. mutans are?
answer
lactic acid bacteria that ferment glucose to lactic acid, the agent that destroys tooth enamel (PP$$)
question
(DENTAL PLAQUE)
Extensive growth of oral microorganisms, results in a?
Extensive growth of oral microorganisms, results in a?
answer
thick bacterial layer known as dental plaque (PP$$)
question
(DENTAL PLAQUE)
As plaque continues to develop?
As plaque continues to develop?
answer
anaerobic bacterial species begin to grow (PP)
question
(DENTAL PLAQUE)
As dental plaque accumulates, the microorganisms produce high concentrations of?
As dental plaque accumulates, the microorganisms produce high concentrations of?
answer
acid (especially lactic acid), resulting in decalcification of the tooth enamel (dental caries) (PP$$)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
Pathogens may grow locally at the site of?
Pathogens may grow locally at the site of?
answer
invasion or may spread throughout the body (TB)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
What is an infection?
What is an infection?
answer
any situation in which a microorganism (not a member of the local flora) is established and growing in a host
-situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in a host, whether or not the host is harmed
(TB)
-situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in a host, whether or not the host is harmed
(TB)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
What is bacteremia?
What is bacteremia?
answer
the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (PP$$)
-this condition is typically self-limiting as the bacterial cells do not grow in the bloodstream and thus the immune system quickly removes them. The symptoms of bacteremia may be mild or none (TB)
-this condition is typically self-limiting as the bacterial cells do not grow in the bloodstream and thus the immune system quickly removes them. The symptoms of bacteremia may be mild or none (TB)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
What is viremia?
What is viremia?
answer
the presence of viruses in the bloodstream (PP$$)
-measles, a highly infectious disease in those not vaccinated, is a good example of a systemic viremia (TB)
-measles, a highly infectious disease in those not vaccinated, is a good example of a systemic viremia (TB)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
What is septicemia?
What is septicemia?
answer
a bloodborne systemic infection (PP$$)
-in septicemia bacteria multiply in the bloodstream and the organism spreads systemically from an initial focus and produces toxins or other poisonous substances (TB)
-in septicemia bacteria multiply in the bloodstream and the organism spreads systemically from an initial focus and produces toxins or other poisonous substances (TB)
question
(MICROBIAL INFECTIONS)
Septicemia may lead to?
Septicemia may lead to?
answer
massive inflammation, septic shock, and death (sepsis) (PP$$)
-Septicemia is typically associated with major symptoms and may lead to massive inflammation, culminating in septic shock (sepsis) and death (TB)
-Septicemia is typically associated with major symptoms and may lead to massive inflammation, culminating in septic shock (sepsis) and death (TB)
question
(VIRULENCE FACTORS)
What are virulence factors?
What are virulence factors?
answer
molecules produced by a pathogens that enhance invasiveness/promote infection:
1-Attachment
2-Enzymes
3-Toxins
(PP)
1-Attachment
2-Enzymes
3-Toxins
(PP)
question
What is invasiveness?
answer
Ability of a pathogen to grow in host tissue at densities that inhibit host function
-Can cause damage without producing a toxin
(PP$$)
-Can cause damage without producing a toxin
(PP$$)
question
Many pathogens use a combination of toxins, invasiveness, and other virulence factors to enhance?
answer
pathogenicity (TB)
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