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Upton Sinclair
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muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
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16th Amendment
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Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.
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17th Amendment
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Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.
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18th Amendment
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Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.
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19th Amendment
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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
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Northern Securities Case
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Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was trust-busted and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.
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Hepburn Act
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Prohibited free passes. Gave ICC enough power to regulate the economy. It allowed it to set freight rates and required a uniform system of accounting by regulated transportation companies.
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Meat Inspection Act
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Required strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created a program of federal meat inspection. It came about in 1906 as a result of president Roosevelt reading Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Roosevelt appointed a commission of experts. To investigate the meat packing industry. Then the commission issued a report backing up Sinclair's account of the disgusting conditions in the industry.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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(TR) 1906 , 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the patent drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.
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Bull Moose Party
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The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was fit as a bull moose...). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
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An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.
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Federal Reserve Act
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This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.
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Insular Cases
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These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.
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Muckrackers
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The nickname given to young reporters of popular magazines. These magazines spent a lot of money on researching and digging up muck, hence the name muckrakers. This name was given to them by Pres. Roosevelt- 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems and corruption that needed fixing.
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New Nationalism
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Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted good trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.
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Referendum
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A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment. One win for Progressives.
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Recall
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Citizens chance to remove an elected official from office before the person's term ended. A win for the Progressives.
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Direct Primary
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An intraparty election in which the voters select the candidates who will run on a party's ticket in the subsequent general election.
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Scientific Management
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Theory promoted by Frederick W. Taylor; held that every kind of work could be broken into a series of smaller tasks and that rates of production could be set for each component task
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Ida Tarbell
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A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.
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Jacob Riis
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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
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Roosevelt's Square Deal
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Roosevelt ran for president in his own rights in 1904. During the campaign, he promised Americans this. By this, he meant that everyone from farmers to consumers to workers to owners would have the same opportunity to succeed. That promise helped Roosevelt conquer a huge victory.
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Newlands Reclamation Act
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1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states
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Gifford Pinchot
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Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them.
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New Freedom
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Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.
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Federal Reserve Act (1914)
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An act passed in 1914 that legalized a US financial system that involved 12 federally operated district banks that were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board.
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Niagara Movement
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in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.
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Booker T. Washington
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Prominent African American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book Up from Slavery.
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W.E.B. du Bois
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Fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP. W. E. B. Du Bois wanted talented blacks to accept nothing less than what they deserved and he directed the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of colored People). Drove for equal rights in many court cases.
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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Pro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the national woman suffrage association and the american woman suffrage association. Organization established in 1890 to promote woman suffrage; stressed that women's special virtue made them indispensable to politics.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for African Americans.
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National Women's Party
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A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination. Founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men.
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