Chapter 3 Health

main threat to development today, Human poverty index is measured by knowledge, standard of living, % of children under 5 who are malnourished, % with out access to health care and safe water, longevity

intergenerational connections: parents education will affect that of the child, disease will affect cognitive development, education helps manage disease

as SES increases mortality decreases

the greater the wealth of the nation doesnt necessarily mean it will have the longest life expectancy

the wealth of the nation can be seen by the gap between incomes rather than the absolute income level and by the percentage of people in poverty

synergistic triad of malnutrition, diarrhea, and lower respiratory infections are the 3 causes of mortality in low income countries

basic indicator of the health of a nation

want to help countries help themselves, focus on improving health and well being. shift focus depending on need of time and location. (polio, leprosoy, malaria, aids, heart disease)

widespread campaigns: monitor communicable diseases through ICD, standards for food, drugs, vaccines, and statistics on communicable diseases

specific: sanitation and access to water

Focus on programs for children in third world countries
focus on communicable disease and nutrition
- oral rehydration, breast feeding,

food and agriculture organization- defeat hunger

agency for international development: provide funds for health and nutrition in third world countries

- hardest hit places in Africa have life expectancy of 7% less because of aids
-(second most affected) Botswana will be 23% smaller because of AIDS

2.5

1. More healthy = longer life = more earnings
2. healthier the worker the more productive the worker
3. if you are ill you cant work and cant earn an income

1. MCH care
2. proper sanitation, proper nutrition, safe water
3. immunization
4. environmental health
5. preventing and controlling common disease
Why cant we achieve it?
lack of providers --> in rural areas
access --> transportation
traditional healers are in the villagers that should be trained

1. improve literacy rates - if moms are educated they can make decisions about how many kids to have
2. decrease infant mortality rates - when parents think their children will die they have more kids
3. increase access and affordability to family planning

illness causes decrease in earning
indirect costs associated with illness like transportation
long term disabilities have greater expedintures
can make families have to dispose of assets and go into poverty

about fairness of health

about outcomes of health

difference in health that is caused by a social or economic disadvantage

consider: health status, access to health care and health coverage, protection from financial risks, distribution of benefits, and fairness of health financing and how they vary between: LOGERSS. location, occupation, gender, ethnicity, religion, social capital, SES

less well off people with less social and political power will have worse health and health services and less fairness and protection for financing health

women, indigenous, rural, ethnic minorities, less educated, other marginalized groups, the informal sector of work

in low and middle income countries and HI countries w ethnic minorities

urban dwellers are usually better off in terms of health and health access while rural inhabitants are usually less educated, have less access and lower incomes

children more likely to by stunted in rural areas, women in urban areas more likely to use contraceptives

better off people have better access, coverage, benefits, and fairness

more income is associated with: more education, housing, sanitation, safer water, safer work environments, hygeine, health services

females face health problems due to place in society
female infanticide, more malnutrition than males, violence against women

strong association between ethnicity and health status, access, and coverage and link between ethnicity and income, education, power

poor pay mostly out of pocket costs, relative costs of health services are much higher for the poor, most public subsidiaries are enjoyed by the well off

HI countries spend 9-12 % of GDP on healthcare and have higher LE.

lI countries spend 3-6% and have lower LE. Except Sri Lanka and Cuba spend little comparative to their LE

any expenditure by the government

expenditure by non-governmental organizations or individuals

expenditure not reimbursed by insurance

cost of the expedinture compared to the amount of health that can be purchased from the investment

can be anaylzed by the DALYS averted per dollar spent to capture the reduction in morbidity and disabilitiy

cost effective: cost is 1-3 times GDP per capita
highly cost effective: cost per daly averted is less than gdp per capita

good health promotes economic development at the societal level --> higher economic development means better health but usually related to technology

what: there was a parasite that was causing a great amount of disability in africa
how: who and other organizations came together to dig wells, put lavarcide in water, and filter clothes
cost: per cost averted between 5-8 dollars --> cost eddective
lesson: the organizations that work together can get things better down who and ministries
having a political leader involved help
the second is power of data to show improvements they used survelliance syste,s
reduced prevelance rates by 99%