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Absolute homelessness
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The condition of those who have no home and spend their nights either in homeless shelters or on the streets.
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Commodification
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A view of health and the provision of health care as a commodity to which cost-benefit analyses can be applied, as espoused by many health administrators and by those in the for-profit health services sector.
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Cumulative advantage theory
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A theory that points to the importance of early life experiences of advantage (generally, of socio-economic advantage).
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Cumulative effects
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The accumulation of advantage or disadvantage over a lifetime and how this affects the subsequent probability of health or illness as the person ages.
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Downstream model
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Interventions to cure the illness that occur after disease has started.
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Fundamental cause
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The first or fundamental cause of illness.
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Health in all policies (HIAP)
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The assertion that all social policies have consequences for the health of a population.
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Latency effects
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The long-term health impacts on individuals of early developmental characteristics, such as premature birth or being underweight or overweight at birth.
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Life course approach
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The perspective on the social determinants of health that focuses on the additive or cumulative effects of inequity or equity on the life chances and health of individuals.
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Materialist approach
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An approach to the social determinants of health that focuses on how health is impacted by the extent to which people can access such material things as adequate and nutritious food and good housing.
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Neo-materialist approach
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A view of inequality and health that considers the importance of adequate material resources but then acknowledges the importance of the relative distribution of material and social goods within a society as a critical factor in subsequent health outcomes.
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Pathway effects
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Early experiences of equity or inequity that set a person on a course towards better or poorer health.
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Provisionally accomodated
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Those who live in a car, "couch surfers" who live with friends or family, and those in long-term institutions.
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Social capital
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The power and well-being—economic, relational, emotional, and spiritual—gained by individuals as members of social networks.
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Social inclusion
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Characteristics of communities, such as civic engagement, voter turnout, and the representation of people of diverse backgrounds in positions of power in local governments and community organizations, that allow people of different backgrounds and incomes to feel part of and to participate in the larger community.
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Upstream model
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Interventions that occur prior to disease occurrence, intended to prevent illness.
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