question
bureaucracy
answer
vast, hierarchical organization of executive branch employees
question
compliance monitoring
answer
making sure the firms and companies that are subject to industry regulations are following those standards and provisions by independent regulation
question
iron triangle
answer
A strong relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group; create policy with joined forces
question
issue network
answer
committee staffers (experts and real authors of legislation), academics, advocates, leaders of think tanks, interest groups, media; collaborate to create specific policy on one issue
question
patronage
answer
rewarding loyal party leaders with federal jobs
question
spoils system
answer
A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.
question
Pendleton Civil Service Act
answer
prevent the constant reward to loyal party members
question
merit system
answer
A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance (exams) rather than political patronage.
question
Civil Service Commission
answer
government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit
question
Civil Service Reform Act
answer
altered how a bureaucrat is dismissed, limited preferences for veterans in hopes of balancing the genders in federal employment, and put upper-level appointments back into the president's hands; merit and performance (prez can move those not performing jobs successfully)
question
Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
answer
The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process; run merit system and coordinate fed app process for jobs and hiring
question
National Performance Review (NPR)
answer
the Clinton-Gore Administration's initiative to reform the way the federal government works. Its goal is to create a government that "works better and costs less."; 6-month review; decrease bureaucracy rules and procedures
question
delegated discretionary authority
answer
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
question
administrative procedures act
answer
1946 Act requiring bureaucratic agencies to appeal to the affected parties before adopting new policies. Legislative check on Bureaucracy.
question
Code of federal regulations
answer
Final rules and regulations that have the force of the law
question
Federal Register
answer
An official document, published every weekday, which lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies; how regulation started+development+final form
question
independent regulatory agencies #1
answer
An administrative agency that is not considered part of the government's executive branch and is not subject to the authority of the president. Independent agency officials cannot be removed without cause; industry-specific law charges from Congress
question
Department of Education
answer
This Department promotes national education and works to keep America competitive and to make sure that education is available to everyone; cancelling or lowering school debt
question
Department of Homeland Security
answer
Cabinet department created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to coordinate domestic security efforts; certain exemptions for immigrants
question
Department of Transportation
answer
Manages the nations highways, railroads, airlines, and sea traffic; which highways get special grants
question
Department of Veterans Affairs
answer
Directs services for armed forces veterans; health program for veterans
question
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
answer
an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment; state environmental issues
question
Federal Election Commission
answer
A commission created by the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits; federal campaign finance laws
question
notice-and-comment opportunity
answer
A step in the rule-making process in which proposed rules are published in the Federal Register and made available for debate by the general public.
question
Securities and Exchange Commission
answer
an independent agency of the government that regulates financial markets and investment companies; if financial firms should be disqualified from raising money bc of illegal conduct
question
congressional oversight
answer
Power used by Congress (esp. committees) to gather information useful for the formation of legislation, review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies, conduct investigations through committee hearings, and bring to the public's attention the need for public policy
question
power of the purse
answer
The constitutional power of Congress to raise and spend money. Congress can use this as a negative or checking power over the other branches by freezing or cutting their funding.
question
authorization of spending
answer
A formal declaration by a legislative committee that a certain amount of funding may be available to an agency. Some authorizations terminate in a year; others are renewable automatically without further congressional action; does not actually appropriate money (can't spend public funds); appropriations committee and House chamber approve money
question
appropriations
answer
Money granted by Congress or to a state legislature for a specific purpose; annually
question
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
answer
agency that administers the regulatory review process that makes sure the executive ideology is carried out; all regulations that have a significant effect on the economy, public health, and other major aspects of policy undergo close review; part of OMB
question
legislative veto
answer
The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power; requirement that certain agency decisions must wait for a defined period of time (30 or 90 days)
question
freedom of information act
answer
Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy
question
sunshine act
answer
adopted in 1977, this act requires that most government meetings be conducted in public and that notice of such meetings must be posted advance
question
whistleblower protection act
answer
1989 law that protects federal employees from being punished for reporting government/agency misconduct.
question
committee clearance
answer
the ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law; sorts Congress and reg agency overlap
question
how many people in bureaucracy
answer
3 million
question
synonym
answer
fourth branch
question
how many departments
answer
15
question
largest department
answer
defense
question
how are cabinet secretaries chosen
answer
presidential party/experienced; senate confirmation req
question
head of department
answer
cabinet secretary
question
what do cabinet and executive agencies do
answer
divide department goals; ex. Homeland (ICE, Coast Guard, TSA)/State (embassy/ambassadors)/Treasury (IRS)/"law" (FBI)
question
agency head
answer
director
question
independent regulatory agencies #2
answer
less department influence; make policy with law enforcement for unique
question
independent corporation
answer
board/body 5-7 w/ staggered terms (not full presidential representation)
question
government corporation
answer
government agency+private company
question
specificity line (more specific to less specific)
answer
Congress->department->agencies->indie reg agencies and commissions
question
executive office of the president ex
answer
OMB+NSC+Council of Economic Advisors
question
Cabinet Department ex
answer
Defense, State, Edu, Health/Human, Homeland
question
Independent Executive Agencies ex
answer
CIA, EPA, NASA, SSA
question
independent regulatory commissions ex
answer
FCC, NRC, FTC
question
government corporation ex
answer
Amtrak, TVA, Postal
question
is the gov corps checked by leg and exe
answer
no
question
PAC (political action committee)
answer
A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations; impact policy and success by industry
question
FILL OUT IRON TRIANGLE
answer
agency, congressional committee, interest group
question
three parts of iron triangle
answer
Jackson's system where members of winning political party get all the political jobs in Washington; negatively known as the "spoils system"
question
rotation system
answer
President Garfield was killed by Guiteau expecting a job 3 months into term
question
what led to Pendleton civil service act
answer
an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines
question
interstate commerce commission
answer
Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling (esp meatpacking); agencies solve it
question
pure food and drug act
answer
different expertise levels in bureaucracy creating varying levels of laws
question
degree of distinction
answer
not to specific agency clean air act by EPA
question
can claim broad authority if and example
answer
(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants
question
clean air act
answer
related organization rules to increase efficiency
question
what do agencies do if they have overlap
answer
rule-making hearings/public meetings/internet webcast
question
what may be required to make rules by APA
answer
politicians have more access to info/tech than voters
bureaucrats and policy experts (reliable/knowledgeable) help politician's constituents
electoral motives must equal policy motives (fixing the problem over personal approval)
bureaucrats and policy experts (reliable/knowledgeable) help politician's constituents
electoral motives must equal policy motives (fixing the problem over personal approval)
question
Fox+Jordan; conditions for noticeable increase of delegation of authority
answer
making agencies to pay subsidies to groups
system to give out federal money to the states (ex. grant programs)
federal office can make/enforce regulation for industry/issues
system to give out federal money to the states (ex. grant programs)
federal office can make/enforce regulation for industry/issues
question
how has congress given the executive branch significant authority
answer
executive agency caring out a legislative function by making policy
question
quasi-legislative
answer
prez appt
question
why are directors difficult to remove
answer
campaign contributions; decrease FEC power (weak leadership; 2019 resignation means no four person quorum); can't fine/audit/investigate
question
Citizens United v. FEC and McCutcheon v FEC on FEC power
answer
possible division
question
why may both the leg and exe responding to bureau be inefficient
answer
funding and reports
question
why do cabinet secretaries please prez
answer
control agency of that name; reports+calls bureaucrats to testify+check-in+issues (oversight jurisdiction)
question
what do standing committees do
answer
formal: appointment / informal: executive order and persuasion
question
how does prez achieve policy goals through powers
answer
people who agree with agenda in the top (loyal to WH and less admin personnel)
question
how does Reagan decrease bureau waste
answer
Chadha (BR/Kenya don't accept , so perm US); INS approves; Congress uses leg veto (unlawful?)
for Chadha; LEG VETO UNCONST (acts as judicial and veto for prez only)
for Chadha; LEG VETO UNCONST (acts as judicial and veto for prez only)
question
Public Citizen Case! INS v Chadha
answer
siding with department or agency and not president (VERY RISKY)
question
going native
answer
friction
question
what happens if Dif departments have Dif beliefs
answer
agency; democratically developed policy and individual rights
question
what are courts usually in favor of; at the expense of what
answer
check on lawlessness (personal/political pref w/o concern for inconvenient principle)
question
judicial review (in this case!)
answer
final say (SCOTUS does not engage in this); decision-making focus
question
US Circuit Court of Appeals significance
answer
indie com
question
which is favored in court, indie commission decision or executive/agency decision
answer
what degree can agency set individual standards when vague?
Clean Air Act (permit prgm for pollution plants)
- bubbles for pollution measurement (if doesn't impact bubble, then good)
- NRDC challenges->DC Court of Appeals against EPA reg->Chevron appeals->SCOTUS overrules appeals
Clean Air Act (permit prgm for pollution plants)
- bubbles for pollution measurement (if doesn't impact bubble, then good)
- NRDC challenges->DC Court of Appeals against EPA reg->Chevron appeals->SCOTUS overrules appeals
question
Chevron v National Resources Defense council (NRDC)
answer
The general rule that federal courts should defer to agency rules that are based on reasonable interpretations of ambiguous statutes
question
Chevron doctrine/concept/deference
answer
undefined
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
