class 3- health determinants, measurements and the status of health globally, burden of disease,

-factors that influence health status most
-indicators used to measure health status
-key trends in health status that have occurred historically

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well being

death

temporary or long term reduction in a person's capacity to function

# of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

intervening before health effects occur

screening to identify disease before the onset of signs and symptoms

managing disease post diagnosis or stopping disease progression

illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spreads directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people or people to animals, aka infectious diseases

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

include road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries and violence

-interconnected factors that determine an individual's health status
-include personal and inborn features, socioeconomic status, culture, enviro, education level, health behaviors, childhood development, access to care and gov policy, age and sex

-determining the causes of morbidity, disability and death
-carrying out disease surveillance
-making comparisons about health within and across countries

important to use a consistent set of health indicators

North America

lowest in sub saharan africa and south asia

sub saharan africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

lowest in north america

highest in south asia and sub saharan africa

highest in sub saharan africa and south asia

-records births, deaths and causes of death
-accurate system key to having quality data on a population
-many low and middle income countries lack system
-often cultural barriers to timely registration

-impact of morality, morbidity and disability
-calculated by age gender and region
-allows comparison across regions

-# of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of morality and disability
-calculated by weighting # of years of ill health according to severity subtracted from the overall life expectancy

-most commonly used indicator of health status
-sum of years lost d/t premature death and years lived with disability
-calculated by subtracting age one dies and ones life expectancy at that age

deaths: IHD and Alzheimer's/dementia
DALYS: IHD and low back/neck pain

deaths: IHD and stroke
DALYS: IHD and stroke

deaths: IHD and stroke
DALYS: IHD and lower resp infection

deaths: lower resp infx and IHD
DALYS: malaria and low resp infx

Population growth, population aging, urbanization, the demographic divide, the demographic transition

-population increased, ppl living longer with illnesses
-increased pop in lower/middle income countries- higher fertility rates
-high income countries below replacement fertility

-seen in HIC
-elderly support ratio- # of people aged 15-64 years compared to those 65+
-aging pop has profound implications:
-increased burden of disease, health expenditures and how health care financed

-majority of global population lives in urban areas
-puts pressure on urban infrastructure, water and sanitization, schools and health services
-gaps in infrastructure can have substantial negative consequences for health

- Highest-income countries have low fertility, declining populations, and aging populations

- Lowest-income countries have high-fertility, although it is slowly declining

-shift in pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality
-decline in mortality with improved hygiene and nutrition, followed by decline in fertility

-first: high and fluctuating mortality, r/t poor health conditions, epidemics and famine
-second: progressive decline in mortality as epidemics become less frequent
-last: further declines in mortality, increases in life expectancy and the predominance of noncomm disease

movement from pattern of communicable to non communicable disease

nutrition, education, political stability and scientific improvements

-economic development
-scientific and technological change
-climate change
-political stability
-emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

parents health and education affects their children

-good health increases longevity and lifetime earnings
-healthy workers are more productive than unhealthy workers
-if ill can't work and can't make money

differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable but also unfair and unjust
about fairness

-differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants b/w different population groups
-equality is about outcomes

-a type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage

-less well of people with less social and political power will generally have worse health poorere services and less fairness and protection for financing health

expenditure by any level of government or government agency

expenditure by sources other than the government such as non-governmental organization or individuals

expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program

-compares the cost of an intervention with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment
-can help to set priorities among different ways of achieving a health goal
-can be used to compare costs and gains of different health interventions
-should not be the only factor in decisions