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cross-price elasticity
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A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in the price of a related good; the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good divided by the percentage change in the price of a related good.
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cross-price elasticity formula
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EQdxPy = %change Qdx / %change Py
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elastic demand
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Demand is elastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is greater than 1.
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elasticity
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A measure of the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable; the per-centage change in one variable that arises due to a given percentage change in another variable.
- specifically, we measure "responsiveness of consumers"
- specifically, we measure "responsiveness of consumers"
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income elasticity
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A measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in consumer income; the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.
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inelastic demand
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Demand is inelastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is less than 1.
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least squares regression line
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The line that minimizes the sum of squared deviations between the line and the actual data points.
--> Y = a + bx + e ----> Y = ^a+^bX
--> Y = a + bx + e ----> Y = ^a+^bX
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log-linear demand
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Demand is log-linear if the loga-rithm of demand is a linear function of the logarithms of prices, income, and other variables.
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perfectly elastic demand
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Demand is perfectly elastic if the own price elasticity is infinite in absolute value. In this case the demand curve is horizontal.
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perfectly inelastic demand
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Demand is perfectly inelastic if the own price elasticity is zero. In this case the demand curve is vertical.
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Demand is perfectly inelastic if the own price elasticity is zero. In this case the demand curve is vertical.
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The ratio of the value of a parameter estimate to the standard error of the parameter estimate.
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unitary elastic demand
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Demand is unitary elastic if the absolute value of the own price elasticity is equal to 1.
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2 important aspects of elasticity
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1. whether its positive or negative
2. whether its greater than 1 or less than one in absolute value
2. whether its greater than 1 or less than one in absolute value
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adjusted R-square
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The adjusted R-squared is a modified version of R-squared that has been adjusted for the number of predictors in the model.
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arc elasticity of demand
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Finds the elasticity of demand by dividing by the averages of each component. The change in Q demanded x average P / the change in P x average Q. In the formula, the average Q is (Q1 + Q2)/2 and the average P is (P1 + P2)/2.
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statistical inference
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we infer information about the population by looking at the sample in front of us
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coefficient of determination
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The coefficient of determination (denoted by R2) is a key output of regression analysis. It is interpreted as the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable. ... An R2 between 0 and 1 indicates the extent to which the dependent variable is predictable.
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confidence interval
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a range of values so defined that there is a specified probability that the value of a parameter lies within it.
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cross-advertising elasticity
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This elasticity between goods X and Y would measure the % change in consumption of X that results from a 1 % increase in advertising towards Y
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econometrics
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The statistical analysis of economic phenomena.
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F-statistic
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An F statistic is a value you get when you run an ANOVA test or a regression analysis to find out if the means between two populations are significantly different.
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iid normal assumption
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independently and identically distributed normal random variables
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multiple regression
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Multiple regression is an extension of simple linear regression. It is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of two or more other variables. The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or sometimes, the outcome, target or criterion variable).
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own advertising elasticity
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Own advertising elasticity of demand for good X is the ratio of the percentage change in the consumption of X to the percentage change in advertising spent on X.
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own price elasticity of demand
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A measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in the price of that good; the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of the good.
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P-value
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...
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T-statistic
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The ratio of the value of a parameter estimate to the standard error of the parameter estimate.
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parameter estimates
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â and b hat, represent the values of a and b that result in the smallest sum of squared errors between a line and the actual data.
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R-square
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also called the coefficient of determination) tells the fraction of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the regression. It is computed as the ratio of the sum of squared errors from the regression (SSRegression) to the total sum of squared errors (SSTotal):
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regression analysis
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A technique that produces an equation that "fits" the data better than any other
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regression line
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Linear Regression. ... A linear regression line has an equation of the form Y = a + bX, where X is the explanatory variable and Y is the dependent variable. The slope of the line is b, and a is the intercept (the value of y when x = 0).
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residual degrees of freedom
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...
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standard error
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The standard error of each estimated coefficient is a measure of how much each estimated coefficient would vary in regressions based on the same underlying true demand relation, but with different observations. The smaller the standard error of an estimated coefficient, the smaller the variation in the estimate given data from different outlets (different samples of data).
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sum of squared errors
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...
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total revenue test
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This relationship among the changes in price, elasticity, and total revenue. If demand is elastic, an increase (decrease) in price will lead to a decrease (increase) in total revenue. If demand is inelastic, an increase (decrease) in price will lead to an increase (decrease) in total revenue. Finally, total revenue is maximized at the point where demand is unitary elastic.
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Calculation Analysis: Given Qd and Px columns - How do you find Elasticity?
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EQx,Px = %change in Qd / % change in Px
= (Q2-Q1/Q2) / (P2-P1/P2)
= (Q2-Q1/Q2) / (P2-P1/P2)
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Calculation Analysis: Given Qd and Px columns - How do you find Total Revenue?
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TR = Price x Quantity
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Calculation Analysis: Given Qd and Px columns - How do you find Marginal Revenue?
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MR = Change in TR/ Change in Q
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Marginal Revenue
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The change in revenue attributable to the last unit of output; for a competitive firm, MR is the market price.
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Determinants affecting own price elasticity
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available substitutes, time, and expenditure share (% of consumers income spent on good)
substitutes - more subs = more elastic
time - more time = more elastic
greater % of budget = more elastic
substitutes - more subs = more elastic
time - more time = more elastic
greater % of budget = more elastic
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Cross-price Elasticity Analysis: Elasticity > 0 (positive)
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Goods X and Y are substitutes, an increase in the price of Y leads to an increase in the demand for X
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Cross-price Elasticity Analysis: Elasticity < 0 (negative)
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Goods X and Y are complements, an increase in the price of Y leads to a decrease in the demand for X.
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Income Elasticity Analysis: Elasticity < 0 (negative)
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X is an inferior good, an increase in income leads to a decrease in the consumption of X.
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Income Elasticity Analysis: Elasticity < 0 (negative)
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X is a normal good, an increase in income leads to an increase in the consumption of X.
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