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1. The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have beena) books and pamphlets.b) computers and communication networks.c) movie theaters and public parks.d) newspapers and magazines.e) the printing press and the telegraph.
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b) computers and communication networks.
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2. Which statement best supports the conclusion that society can control whether to adopt a new technology?a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after theaccident at Three Mile Island.b) About half of all email messages are spam.c) Despite decades of research, fusion power is an elusive goal.d) People do not have to listen to Rush Limbaugh if they do not want to.e) Some new technologies are simply too expensive to even consider adopting.
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a) No new nuclear power plants were built in the United States for 25 years after theaccident at Three Mile Island.
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3. Tablets, abacuses, and manual tablesa) are no longer used, because of the proliferation of calculators and computers.b) are examples of aids to manual calculating.c) were developed in Western Europe in the late Middle Ages.d) replaced Hindu-Arabic numerals as the preferred way to do calculations.e) All of the above.
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b) are examples of aids to manual calculating.
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4. The mechanical adding machines of Pascal and Leibniz were not widely adopted becausea) they were too expensive.b) there were unreliable.c) they were too difficult to program.d) they could not handle fractions.e) bookkeepers successfully lobbied the King, and he made the machines illegal.
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b) there were unreliable.
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5. The calculating machine of Georg and Edvard Sheutza) computed the values of polynomial functions.b) typeset the results of its computations.c) performed calculations faster than they could be done manually.d) performed calculations more reliably than they could be done manually.e) All of the above.
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e) All of the above.
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6. Which of the following phrases does not describe the Gilded Age in America?a) rapid industrializationb) economic expansionc) widespread electrificationd) concentration of corporate powere) corporate mergers
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c) widespread electrification
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7. Which of the following was not a result of the adoption of mechanical calculators?a) Less demand for superstars who could rapidly compute sums by handb) Higher productivity of bookkeepersc) Higher salaries of bookkeepersd) Proliferation of companies making calculatorse) Feminization of bookkeeping
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c) Higher salaries of bookkeepers
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8. Which of the following was not a feature of cash registers in the early 1900s?a) Ability to compute total of purchasesb) Ability to print itemized receipts for customersc) Ability to print log of transactions for ownersd) Ability to compute amount of change to give customere) Ability to ring a bell every time cash drawer is opened
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d) Ability to compute amount of change to give customer
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9. Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, an employee ofa) the Pennsylvania Railroad.b) the Census Bureau.c) the Pennsylvania Steel Company.d) the Burroughs Adding Machine Company.e) IBM
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b) the Census Bureau.
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10. Which of the following phrases best describes a system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data?a) manual calculatorb) digital computerc) data-processing systemd) difference enginee) cash register
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c) data-processing system
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11. The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced just aftera) the Spanish-American War.b) World War I.c) World War II.d) the Korean War.e) the Vietnam War.
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c) World War II.
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12. Programming languages were developed in order toa) make it possible to program computers in English.b) make programming faster and less error-prone.c) speed translations between English and Russian during the Cold War.d) improve the computation speed of computers, which were very expensive.e) All of the above.
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b) make programming faster and less error-prone.
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13. Which of the following was not an early programming language?a) BASICb) COBOLc) DATA-FLOWd) FLOW-MATICe) FORTRAN
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c) DATA-FLOW
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14. Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer is calleda) a data-processing system.b) an intranet.c) a microprocessor.d) a programming language.e) a time-sharing system..
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e) a time-sharing system..
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15. A semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is calleda) a difference engine.b) a diode.c) an integrated circuit.d) a radio.e) a transformer
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c) an integrated circuit.
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16. Which Cold War program played an important role in advancing integrated circuit technology?a) B-52 bomberb) Hydrogen bombc) Mark 37 torpedod) Minuteman II ballistic missilee) NORAD radar network
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d) Minuteman II ballistic missile
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17. Which company produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers?a) Fujitsub) Hewlett-Packardc) IBMd) Intele) Texas Instruments
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c) IBM
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18. The company that invented the microprocessor isa) Fujitsub) Hewlett-Packardc) IBMd) Intele) Texas Instruments
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d) Intel
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19. Which of the following was not an activity of the People's Computer Company, a not-for-profit corporation in the San Francisco area?a) Publishing a newspaper containing the source code to programsb) Allowing people to rent time on a time-shared computerc) Hosting Friday-evening game-playing sessionsd) Promoting a culture in which computer enthusiasts freely shared softwaree) Developing the world's first graphical user interface
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e) Developing the world's first graphical user interface
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20. Who wrote An Open Letter to Hobbyists, complaining about software theft?a) Stewart Brandb) Bob Frankstonc) Bill Gatesd) Steve Jobse) Steve Wozniak
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c) Bill Gates
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21. A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business wasa) the spreadsheet program.b) the World Wide Web.c) desktop publishing.d) video editing.e) email.
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a) the spreadsheet program.
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22. The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC wasa) Apple.b) Boeing.c) Microsoft.d) Novell.e) Tandy.
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c) Microsoft.
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23. The first electronic networking technology widely used in the United States was thea) Internet.b) radio.c) telegraph.d) telephone.e) television.
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c) telegraph.
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24. The Pony Express went out of business whena) the Mexican War ended in 1846.b) the Civil War began in 1861.c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed.d) AT&T completed the national telephone network.e) the radio was invented.
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c) the transcontinental telegraph was completed.
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25. Alexander Graham Bell invented the harmonic or musical telegraph, which enableda) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time.b) human speech to be sent over a telegraph wire.c) music to be send over a telegraph wire.d) B and Ce) None of the above.
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a) more than one message to be sent over a single telegraph wire at the same time.
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26. Nearly all early telephones were installed in businesses, becausea) people were afraid that telephones were dangerous.b) people thought that the government was using telephones as eavesdropping devices.c) only men were allowed to use a telephone.d) most homes did not have electricity.e) leasing a telephone was expensive.
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e) leasing a telephone was expensive.
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27. A typewriter that prints a message transmitted over a telegraph line is called aa) computer.b) monitor.c) teletype.d) terminal.e) transponder.
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c) teletype.
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28. Guglielmo Marconi originally conceived of the radio as a way toa) transmit telegraph messages without wires.b) transmit electricity without wires.c) transmit votes in national elections.d) transmit light without wires.e) All of the above
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a) transmit telegraph messages without wires.
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29. The power of radio as a medium of mass communication was demonstrated in 1938 when Orson Welles put on a dramatization ofa) War of the Worlds.b) Hamlet.c) Homer's Odyssey.d) the assassination of Franklin Roosevelt.e) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
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a) War of the Worlds.
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30. ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that woulda) control weapons from space.b) guide spacecraft to distant planets.c) become the world's most powerful number-crunching machine.d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data.e) All of the above
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d) facilitate the exchange of programs and data.
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31. One of the first and most important applications of the ARPANET wasa) email.b) voice mail.c) spreading computer viruses.d) disseminating anti-Communist propaganda to American citizens.e) stealing secrets from the Soviet Union.
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a) email.
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32. What term is used to describe a high-speed Internet connection?a) broadbandb) hypertextc) Internet2d) the Matrixe) World Wide Web
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a) broadband
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33. Which country has the fastest broadband connections on average?a) Chinab) Germanyc) Indiad) South Koreae) United States
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d) South Korea
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34. A common name for a wireless Internet access point isa) broadband hub.b) hotspot.c) Internet access-ory.d) Internet café.e) wap.
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b) hotspot.
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35. The first alphabet to represent vowels as well as consonants was developed by thea) Babylonians.b) Egyptians.c) Greeks.d) Romans.e) Syrians.
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c) Greeks.
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36. In the fourth century the codex replaced the scroll becausea) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage.b) it was much lighter, and it could be made much more rapidly.c) Gutenberg's printing press had just been invented.d) there was a worldwide shortage of papyrus.e) All of the above
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a) it was more durable, and it was much easier to look up a particular passage.
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37. Hypertext is supposed to mimica) the associative memory of human beings.b) the way that creeks flow into streams and streams merge into rivers.c) constellations in the night sky.d) road networks.e) the way that some people channel surf with a remote control
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a) the associative memory of human beings.
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38. What visionary invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live networkvideoconferencing at the mother of all demos in 1968?a) Vannevar Bushb) Douglas Engelbartc) Al Gored) Alan Kaye) Ted Nelson
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b) Douglas Engelbart
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39. The first popular personal computer with a graphical user interface was thea) Apple Macintosh.b) Compaq Presario.c) IBM PC.d) NeXT workstation.e) Tandy TRS-80.
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a) Apple Macintosh.
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40. The World Wide Web is the creation ofa) Tim Berners-Lee.b) Vannevar Bush.c) Douglas Engelbart.d) Alan Kay.e) Ted Nelson.
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a) Tim Berners-Lee.
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41. A Web browser enables you toa) view Web pages.b) edit Web pages.c) create Web pages.d) delete Web pages.e) All of the above
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a) view Web pages.
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42. What is the name of a program that follows hyperlinks, collecting information about Web sites?a) daemonb) hackerc) spiderd) trawlere) worm
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c) spider
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1. Three important aids to manual calculating are:
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the tablet, the abacus, and mathematical tables.
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2. Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz are remembered as computer pioneers for their invention of:
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mechanical adding machines.
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3. Demand for mechanical calculators increased tremendously in America in the late 19th Centurydue to the increase in size of:
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corporations and government agencies.
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4. The adoption of mechanical calculators in offices changed the profession of bookkeeping.Employers:
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lowered wages and replaced men with women.
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5. The invention of the _____________ addressed two challenges faced by department store owners inthe late 19th century: creating detailed sales records and embezzlement by employees.
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cash register
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6. Herman Hollerith invented ______________ to help the U.S. Bureau of the Census tallyinformation about tens of millions of residents.
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punched card tabulation
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7. A series of inventions led to the creation of the electronic digital computer shortly after this war:
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World War II.
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8. In the earliest digital computers every instruction was coded as a long number. People invented ______________ to make coding faster and less error-prone.
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programming languages
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9. In the 1960s the invention of _____________ allowed multiple people to interact more-orlesssimultaneously with a single computer.
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time-sharing systems
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10. In the first half of the 20th century, AT&T used vacuum tubes to construct amplifiers that madelong distance telephone calls possible. AT&T funded research to develop a semiconductorreplacement to the vacuum tube. The research resulted in the invention of the:
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transistor
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11. In 1957 eight key employees of Shockley Semiconductor left to form their own company. Thecompany founded by the traitorous eight was:
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Fairchild Semiconductor.
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12. A single semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called:
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anintegrated circuit.
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13. In 1964 IBM announced the System/360, a series of 19 compatible computers. What advantagedo compatible computers have for a business wishing to upgrade its systems?
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It does nothave to rewrite its application programs.
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14. An integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform a wide variety of tasks is called a:
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microprocessor.
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15. The development of the personal computer was influenced by the power-to-the-people, do-ityourselfmovement around _____________ in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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San Francisco / Silicon Valley
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16. What two significant developments made personal computers more attractive to businesses inthe late 1970s and early 1980s?
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Computer spreadsheet program, IBM PC
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17. By 1870 fire alarm boxes were in use in 75 major cities in the United States. Which popular communications technology enabled the creation of these alarm boxes?
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Telegraph
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18. Which device resulted in the creation of the first on-line communities?
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Telephone
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19. Why was the ARPANET designed so that the loss of any single computer would not preventthe rest of the network from working?
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Fear of a nuclear attack by the Soviet Union
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20. How did the National Science Foundation stimulate the development of commercial, longdistanceInternet connections in the United States?
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It simultaneously (1) encouragedregional networks to find commercial customers, and (2) banned commercial traffic on the long-distance, NSFNET Backbone.
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21. Hypertext is a _______ of nodes containing _______.
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linked network information
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22. In January 1984 Apple Computer released the Macintosh. The Macintosh is notable because itwas the first commodity personal computer with a _________.
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graphical user interface
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23. The two most popular applications of the Internet are:
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email and the World Wide Web.
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24. Devices used in the creation, storage, manipulation, exchange, and dissemination of data,including text, sound, and images, fall into the category of _______ technology.
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information
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1. Think about a new computer or communication device you acquired in the past few years.Describe how the use of this device changed your view of the world or the way you related toother people.
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Bs it.
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2. Give two examples of how a social pressure or need led to the development of a new informationtechnology. Give two examples of how the adoption of a new information technology changedsociety.
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Bs it.
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3. What major innovation in the Gilded Age stimulated the development of calculators andtabulators? Explain.
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Adding and calculating machines increased productivity, lowered the wage for bookkeepers, reduced mistakes, and increased feminization of bookkeeping. The demand for fast reliable calculators to be developed.
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4. How did the widespread adoption of punched card tabulation pave the way for commercial digitalelectronic computers?
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Organizations with large data processing needs found punched card tabulators and calculators to be valuable devices and continually clamorous for new features that would improve the computational capabilities and speed of their systems. These organizations would be come a natural market for commercial electronic digital computers.
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5. How did World War II stimulate the development of the modern computer?
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The ENIAC and the EDVAC proved so useful during the end of WWII, development continued.Also not in book, random guess.
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6. How did the Cold War speed the development of the personal computer?
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Increased government spending. Not in book, random guess.
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7. How did the development of time-sharing help create a market for personal computers?
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Many users wrote their own programs and enthusiast freely shared software with each other.
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8. How did the culture around San Francisco in the late 1960s and early 1970s affect thedevelopment of the personal computer?
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The San Francisco area was home to a anti war ant establishment community which emphasized do it yourself idealism and power to the people movement. The movement was very open sourced. Time sharing on computers was common and computer enthusiasts freely shared software with each other.
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9. Describe three ways in which the widespread adoption of the telephone changed society.
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Traditional boundaries between private family life and public business life became blurred.The implementation of the telephone eroded traditional hierarchies.Enabled the first online communities with the introduction of the party line.Brought the worry of loss of privacy.
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10. Trace the key events in the history of the Internet from its origins as the ARPANET.
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Remote computing at Bell labs, teletype transmission from teletype in New Hampshire to a calculator in NYC.In reaction to the USSR's launch of Sputnik. ARPA funded by the defense Department imagined a global computer network that would facilitate the exchange of programs and data.A packet-switching network was adopted to replace circuit switching networks.ARPA commissioned ARPNET, which was decentralized for a fear of nuclear attack. In 1972 software enabling email was developed. Researchers realized the need to connect ARPANET with other networks and created open architecture called internet working architecture. TCP/IP protocol was then developed to divide a message into packets. The internet it's the network or networks that communicate using TCP/IP (transmission control protocol)
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11. Describe the evolution of hypertext, from its original conception to its realization as a widely usedtechnology.
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Author Vannavar Bush published a paper noting the difficulty in looking up publications of new scientific discoveries. He noted the human mind doesn't work by indexing, but by associative memory. He suggested a machine that could stimulate to some degree the mind's ability to make associations between pieces of information. Ted Nelson furthered the idea and coined the term hypertext, which refers to a linked network of nodes containing information. The links allow readers to visit the nodes in a nonlinear fashion. Xanadu was a proposed worldwide network of connected literature, but the system was never completed.
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