Exam 1 Study Guide

measure of average number of years an individual within a certain population is expected to live at birth

proportion of healthcare spending in a country relative to the size of its economy

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and merely not the absence of disease or infirmity

collaborative trans-national research and action from promoting health for all

first stage of global health; concerned with keeping white colonists alive in the tropics

second stage of global health; privileged people from high=income countries trying to help people in low-income countries

state of poor health

incidence of deaths in a population during a specific time

disability-adjusted life year

years of life lost because of premature mortality + years of healthy life lost due to disability

years of life lost

years lost to disability

low- and middle-income countries

Africa, Americas, South-East Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific

Geneva, Switzerland

1/4 from membership dues and 3/4 from voluntary contributions

1978; international health conference

1979

developed in 2009

favor biomedical, technical interventions

believe WHO should help regions develop their own health infrastructure

1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2) achieve universal primary education 3) promote gender equality and empower women 4) reduce child mortality 5) improve maternal health 6) combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7) ensure environmental sustainability 8) develop a global partnership for development

signed in 2000 with goals for 2015

17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by 2030

decentralized, holistic view of health and wellbeing that promotes community participation

1948 document; considers all human rights indivisible

affirmed that health is key part of the right to an adequate standard of living

clean drinking water, nutritious food, adequate housing, well maintained sanitation systems, access to healthcare, education and training opportunities for care providers, and access to needed high-quality treatments

available, accessible, acceptable, good quality

receive relatively little medical and health attention or funding, tend to affect people living in low-resource regions; associated with lack of access to underlying health determinants

acute immune response to injury and infection; first line of protection

subfield of anthropology that investigates how cultural, historical, socioeconomic, and political factors shape ideas about health, illness, and disease

idea that cultural aspects must be considered in their own terms, without making value judgements based on norms drawn from other cultures

objective; biological changes that impair function, largely shaped by biomedicine constructs

subjective experience of discomfort/suffering

sociological; socially recognized set of behaviors

individual, social, body politic

physical and mental aspects of individual level

social factors that may impact individual health

how social and political forces affect individual bodies within society

process of defining and treating human conditions as medical pathologies in need of intervention

immediate cause of poor health and disease symptoms

root factors contributing to risk of poor health

viruses, hormones, cell growth, organ function

politics, environment, economy, evolution

defining what "normal" condition is through statistical distribution

process by which one individual is more likely to reproduce successfully than another in the population due to the possession of an advantageous trait

an external stimulus that challenges the biological processes and health of an organism

an advantageous trait that evolved for a specific reason and which increases reproductive succes

set of shared meanings, embedded in social institutions, and an implicit shaper of individual beliefs and behavior

cultural similarities and variation in healing systems

examines how structural factors and differences in power/wealth shape health

social structures that stop individuals , groups, and societies from reaching their full potential

coined structural violence in 1969

requires anthropologists to fully situate illness within the culture context

conditions that may be recognized in one culture but not others

work that applies the knowledge produced through anthropological scholarship to the design and implementation of health interventions

disease caused by microorganism; typically communicable

not caused by acute infections process and not directly passed from one person to another; long duration

the how and why of disease; upon people study

helped demonstrate the importance of systematic data collection to trace disease origins

helped develop health and vital statistics records

helped establish hospital best practices for hygiene

rate at which new cases occur over a given time

total number of cases in a specific time period; proportion of individuals in a population with a disease at any one time

disease reproduction number; the lower the better

disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

aggregation of cases in a certain area within a specific time period

occurrence of more cases than expected in certain area within a specific time period

new cases spread rapidly through a population

extreme epidemic, over vast amount of geographic space

new cases occur at a relatively low but constant rate over time

the proportion of people with a disease who die from it

host population in which the pathogen lives and multiplies

disease that can be passed between animals and humans

proxy measure of overall quality of life within a population

ethical code that emphasizes the importance of voluntary informed consent, expected benefit outweighing risk, and avoidance of injuring subject

built upon Nuremberg Code by World Medical Association; the interests of subjects should always be placed above the interests of society and every subject should get the best known treatment

by National Commission with 3 principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice

active involvement of community members throughout the research process

control by on population over an area or people; forced assimilation

resulted from no biological immunity to foreign-evolved diseases carried by Europeans

born to control disease that imperiled the colonial endeavor

invented term by imperial powers to reflect novel environments that presented unique health challenges

"The past is never dead. It's not even past."

economic liberalism that proposes a lack of government regulation so that economies can flourish and grow

removing government market oversight

transferring a system from state to private control

individuals are assumed to act in their best interest and choose the options best suited for their needs

transferring power and accountability from central state government to local levels

set of economic policies implemented by governments to control and reduce national debt

developed by WHO; user fees from individuals would be used to pay for needed health resources; markets best able to determine price of treatments

developed "Washington Consensus" to stabilize LMIC in financial crisis

the degree to which people consume from and produce for global market economy

internal population pressure encroachment by outsiders

increased food consumption, reduced food variability throughout the year, the allure of foreign goods

inconsistencies between economic status and lifestyle practices

individual, household, community, region

scientific measurements and proportions of the human body

any organism that spends a portion or the totality of its life biologically dependent on another species, typically at the expense of the host

parasitic worms that infect their hosts through fecal-contaminated soil

style of life

calculation of parasite infection status and eggs per gram

vitamins and minerals

water, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

not all calories perceived the same way by our bodies

low height for age

low weigh for age

weight/ height

transmitted between people and caused by a pathogen

thought to be contagious, but linked with genetics, living conditions, and environmental exposures

co-occurrence of infectious disease and chronic/non-communicable conditions

explains how natural selection influences reproduction, survival, and lifespan

resting energy expenditure

total energy expenditure

Science that looks at energy and its transformation; evolutionary medicine, behavioral ecology, and human biology are all part