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B. pertussis
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Bordetella pertussis
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morphology
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tiny gram negative rod
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transmission-
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inhalation of infected drops
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reservoir- humans
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...
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virulance factors
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colonization of surfaces of upper respiratory tract, ciliary action slowed
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signs
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death of epithelial cells & increased cAMP, fever, excessive mucus output, lymph
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growth requirements
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grows after 3-4 days of incubation at 47, small transparent colonies are indistinguishable from those of b bronchiseptica
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treatment
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certain antibiotics given before coughing spasms, prevention- DTaP vaccine
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
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...
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causative agent
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enveloped ssRNA, drift
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transmission
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droplet nuclei and large droplets,babies
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pathogenesis
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infects respiratory epithelium and causes epithelial cells to slough off, bronchioles get plugged, pneumonia results from inflammation or secondary infection
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signs
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difficulty breathing inflammation or secondary infection
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prevention
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immune globulin or monoclonal antibody injections
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C. diphtheriae
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corynebacyerium diphtheriae
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morphology
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A-B toxin producing non spore forming gram positive rod
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transmission
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inhalation of infectious droplets, indirect contact w fomites
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virulence factors
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exotoxin released and absorbed by blood, toxin kills cells by intergering with protein synthesis, affects cells that have receptors for toxin heart, kidney, and nerve
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reservoir- humans
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...
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signs
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sore throat, fever, fatigue, alaise, pseudomembrane forms on tonsils and throat paralysis, heart and kidney failure
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growth requirements
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mediu supplemented w amino acids
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treatment- appropriate antibiotic, prevent- immunization of infants and children with toxoid, boosters for adults
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...
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T. tetani (tetanus)
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clostridium tetani
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morphology
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anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive rod
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transmission
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organisms common in soil, spores contaminate wounds
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reservoir- humans, 3 days to 3 weeks, average 8 days
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...
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virulence factors
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tetanus results from tetanospasmin, an A-B exotoxin produced by bacterium, toxin carried to the brain and spinal cord by motor nerve axons or blood, toxin acts against nerve cells that normally inhibit muscle contraction, spasms
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signs
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restlessness, irritability, cant swallow, muscle pain, spasm in jaw, abdomen, back or body
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growth requirements
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spores contaminate wounds, germinate in those having anaerobic contritions, dirty wounds
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treatment
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antibiotics and tetanus immune goblin (TIG) supportive care given, prevention-immunization of infants and children with toxoid, boosters
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Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
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campylobacter pylori
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morphology
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curved, gram negative microaeropholic bacterium, polar flagella covered by sheaths
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transmission
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fecal-oral, incidence increases w age
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virulence factors
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H- pylori survive stomach acidity by producing euease and burrowing within the stomach's mucus coating, bacterial products and inflammation damage the mucosal layer which can lead to peptic ulcers, cancer rarely develops, most with stomach cancer are infected with this
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signs
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asymptomatic, peptic ulcers cause abdominal pain, tenderness, and bleeding
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growth requirement s
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nutrient-rich medium, serum, and microaerobic environment
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treatment
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combination of antibiotics and medication that inhibits stomach acid production
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Vibrio cholerae
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cholera
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morphology
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gram-vibrio
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growth factors
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halophile and alkaliphile
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reservoir
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biofilm and brackish water in environment, use quorum sensing to make toxin
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Transmission
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fecal oral
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virulence factors
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cholera toxin, A-B toxin, causes chloride and electrolytes to leave intestinal cells and water follows, lysogenic conversion, endotoxin
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signs
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rice water diarrhea, blood viscous and heart can't pump blood
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high ID50
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can be filtered out of water w cloth
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treatment
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electrolytes and fluids
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prevention
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filtering water
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Clostridioides difficile
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...
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morphology
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gram positive rod
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growth factors
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anaerobe
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pathogenesis
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hospitalized patients who experience dysbiosis on antibiotics
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virulence factor
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endospores, A-B toxin enterotixin and cytotoxin disrupt host cell actin
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signs
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diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis
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treatment
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stop antibiotics, put on vancomycin, metronidazole
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Shigella
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...
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transmission
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fecal-oral, humans
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virulence factor
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endotoxin, low ID50
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pathogenesis
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cross intestinal mucous membrane via M. cells, invite epithelial cells, use actin to spread to neighboring cells
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treatment
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antibiotics
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prevention
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handwashing, meats, pasteurizing drinks
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shigella sonnei
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signs- diarrhea, fever, cramps
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Shigella Dysenteriae
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viruence factor- A-B shiga toxin
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signs of Dysenteriae
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heolytic uremic syndome: RBC die and clog up kidneys, leads to kidney death, antibiotic resistant
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Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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...
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transmission
answer
fecal-oral
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virulence factor
answer
endotoxin
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pathogenesis
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colonize small or large intestine
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treatment- electrolytes and fluids
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...
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prevention
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handwashing, cook meats, pasteurizing drinks etc
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ETEC
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virulence= cholera- like toxin
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signs- watery diarrhea, high ID 50
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...
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STEC (E Coli o157H7)
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virulence factor- shiga like toxin from lysogenic conversion
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sings- dysentery
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...
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reservoir
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cows, uncooked foods and burgers
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Salmonella enterica
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...
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transmission
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fecal-oral
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virulence factor
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endotoxin, modified LPS from lysogenic conversion
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reservoir
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reptiles and chickens
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pathogenesis
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induce uptake by epithelial cells of small intestine
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prevention
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handwashing, cook meats, pasteurizing drinks, high ID 50, sensitive to acid
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S. enterica Dublin and Typhimurium
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signs- diarrhea, vomiting, fever
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S. enterica Typhi and Paratyphi
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...
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reservoir- humans
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...
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virulence factors
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typhoid toxin
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pathogenesis
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cross intestinal eputhelium via M cells, multiply within macrophages and carried through body, lead to intestine rupture and hemorrhage
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treatment
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antibiotics
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prevention- attenuated and inactivated vaccines for typhoid, nothing for paratyphoid
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...
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MRSA
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methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus
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gram positive coccus
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...
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transmission
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skin to skin contact, and intravascular devices (contaminated by bacteria)
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reservoir
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inanimate objects and people
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transmission
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skin to skin contact, intravascular devices
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virulence factors
answer
produce PBP2a, penicillin binding protein, common cause of HA and CA skin and wound infections
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signs- warm to touch, pus, fever
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...
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growth requirements
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15-45 C, and at NACL concentrations up to 15%
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treatment
answer
resistant to nearly all B-lactum antibiotics (except ceftaroline, a new cephalosporin, resistant to other medications, treated with vanomucin
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influenza (Flu)
answer
...
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morphology
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influenza virus, enveloped single stranded RNA virus with segmented genome, shift and drift, enveloped, 8 segments of ssRNA
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transmission
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infection of respiratory epithelium cells destroyed and virus released to infect their cells, secondary bacterial. infection results from damaged mucociliary escalator, droplet nuclei and large droplets
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pathogenesis
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infects respiratory epithelium and damages ciliated cells, secondary bacterial infections common
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virulence factors
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antigenic drift and shift prevent immunity, HA spike allows virus to bind to receptors, NA aids in release of virions through budding, segmented genome
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signs
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fever, muscle aches, lack of energy, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough
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growth requirements
answer
gram negative coccobacili, 35-37, 5% CO2 requires hemin and NAD
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treatment
answer
antiviral medications somewhat effective, vaccines developed and given, prevention- some antivirals
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rhinovirus (common cold)
answer
...
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morphology
answer
rhinoviruses- 100 types, accounts for 30-50% of common cold
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causative agent
answer
naked, ssRNA, antigenic drift
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transmission
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inhalation of infectious droplets, transfer of infectious mucus to nose or eye contaminated droplets, touching of fomites and face
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virulence factors
answer
viruses attach to respiratory epithelium ciliary action stops, and cells slough, secretion of mucus increases, inflammatory reaction occurs
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pathogenesis
answer
portal is eyes, virion drains to nasal cavity and infects respiratory epithelium and damages ciliated cells
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ID 50 (1 through the eyes)
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portal of entry is important
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signs- malaise, runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, nasal dischange
answer
...
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treatment
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no treatment except for control of symptoms, handwashing, avoiding sick people and touching face
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Herpes 1 and 2 (HSV)
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herpes 1- cold sore
herpes 2 genital herpes
herpes 2 genital herpes
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morphology
answer
herpes simplex virus type 2 sometimes type 1, enveloped or double stranded DNA viruses
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Transmission
answer
sexual intersourse, oral-genital contact through fomites, transmission risk greatest the first few days of active disease, can occur in the absence of symptoms, herpes simplex increases the risk of contracting HIV, can be infectious right after cold sore sores, HSV 1 can cause genital warts and HSV 2 can cause cold sores
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pathogenesis
answer
replicates in and destroys mucosal epithelium, stays latent in sensory nerves and gets carried to skin/mucous membranes
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signs
answer
initial infection: fever, itching, ulcerations
reoccurrence: itching, pain before cold sore appears
reoccurrence: itching, pain before cold sore appears
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virulence factors
answer
lysis of infected epithelial cells results in fluid filled blisters containing infectious virions, vesicles burst, causing painful ulcer, acute infection is controlled by immune defenses, viral genoe persists with nerve cells in an non-infectious form, reactivation can occur, recurrent symptoms, newborns can get
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treatment
answer
anti HSC medications can or-event recurrences, short duration of symptoms, nucleoside analogs to prevent reoccurrence and lessen symptoms
prevention- condoms, abstinence, monogamy
prevention- condoms, abstinence, monogamy
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disseminated disease of newborn
answer
neurological damage or spontaneous abortion, primary infection in mother is most severe- less likely with reactivation because mother has maternal antibodies
c-sections can reduce risk of transmission
c-sections can reduce risk of transmission
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norovirus
answer
...
question
morphology
answer
single stranded RNA genome, naked
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transmission
answer
fecal-oral route, vomit, low infectious dose, common on cruises,c olleges healthcare, reservoir is humans
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virulence factors
answer
low infectious dose, limited immunity, epidemics common, adults more common-pathogenesis
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signs- vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, 1-3 days
answer
...
question
no vaccine, handwashing, disinfectants
answer
...
question
retrovirus
answer
Reoviridae
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morphology
answer
double wall capsid, double stranded segmented RNA genome, naked, antigenic shift
question
reservoir
answer
animals
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transmission
answer
infect epithelial celsl that line upper part of small intestine causes epithelial cell death and decreased production of digestive enzymes, has enterotoxin, fecal oral route
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virulence factor
answer
viral protein that acts as enterotoxin
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pathogenesis
answer
affects children less than 5 most severely, die from dehydration
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reservoir- 24-48 hours, animals
answer
...
question
signs- vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, 3-8 days
answer
...
question
treatment- attenuated vaccine, handwashing, disinfectants
answer
...
question
Enterobacteriaceae
answer
shigellosis
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morphology
answer
four species of shigella, gram negative, members of enterobacteriacaea
question
Transission
answer
fecal oral, low ID 50
question
reservoir- humans
answer
...
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virulence factors
answer
bacteria cross intestinal mucous membrane via M cells , induce uptake by epithelial cells, actin tails allow bacteria to spread, leading to death and sloughing of epithelium, some make shiga toxin
question
signs- fever, dysentery, vomiting, headache, stiff neck, convulsions, joint pain
answer
...
question
treatment- antimicrobial medications shorten duration of symptoms and pathogen excretion, any strains have R plasmids, prevention is slow controlled by sanitary measures
answer
...
question
N. gonorrhoaae
answer
gonorrhea
question
morphology
answer
gram negative diplococcus
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transmission
answer
causes gonnorrhea, sexual contact, asymptomatic infections common, no immunity after recovery
question
reservoir- humans
answer
...
question
virulence factors
answer
attach to certain non-ciliated epithelial cells by pili, phase and antigenic variation in surface proteins and pili allows attachment to different host cells and escape from immune mechanisms, inflammation, scarring,bloodstream
question
signs-
answer
aysptomatic, men-pain on urination, urethrial discharge, urinary flow, infertility, and arthritis, women- abnormal vaginal discharge, pain on urination, pelvic pain , infertility, ectopic pregnancy, arthritis
question
treatment- multi drug resistant combination therapy (ceftriazone and. azithromhcin) recommended, antibiotics , resistance lets? medication options, abstinence, monogamous relationships
answer
...
question
S. pneumoniae
answer
Streptococcus pneumoniae
question
morphology
answer
gramm positive cell wall, lancet shaped cocci
question
transmission
answer
spread from person to person by inhalation or direct exposure to the bacteria droplets through coughing or sneezing from an infected person,
question
reservoir- humans
answer
...
question
virulence factors
answer
polysaccharide capsule
question
signs- fever, cough, shortness of breathe, chest pain, stiff neck, confusion, sensitivity to light, join pain, chills, ear pain, sometimes can cause hearing loss and death and brain damage
answer
...
question
growth requirements
answer
best in 5% CO2, 20% of fresh clinical. isolates require fully. anaerobic conditions, grows best at 35-37 celcius
question
resistance is due not to the production of B-lactamase but to changes in the chromosomal genes coding for the targets of penicillin- the penicillin binding proteins
acquired resistance to penicillin is due to changes in chromosomal genes coding for targets of penicillin- penicillin binding proteins. The modified targets hae lower affinities for medication. Nucleotide changes come from acquisition of chromosomal DNA from other species of Streptococcus
acquired resistance to penicillin is due to changes in chromosomal genes coding for targets of penicillin- penicillin binding proteins. The modified targets hae lower affinities for medication. Nucleotide changes come from acquisition of chromosomal DNA from other species of Streptococcus
answer
...
question
treatment- antibiotics,
answer
...
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