Exercises 13-24 - Assignment Essays %

question

Halotolerant (Osmotolerant)

answer

survive in 7.5%-10% NaCl

question

staph aureus

answer

halotolerant example

question

halotolerant survival

answer

survives by producing solutes when grown in high salt concentration. makes internal cytoplasm hypertonic to the outer environment

Proline, choline, betaine

question

extreme halophiles

answer

require high salt concentrations to stabilize the cell wall and enzymes

question

halobacterium salinarium

answer

extreme halophile examples

question

extreme halophile survival

answer

transport K+ from external environment into cells and accumulate in large quantities, water then enters the cell to prevent dehydration

question

glucose and fructose

answer

streptococci and lactobacilli produce acids from

question

calcium

answer

as pH drops below 4.8, lactobacilli multiply and produce enough acid to remove

question

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus

answer

__________ is mainly responsible for cavities, but the Snyder test measures acid production from _________

question

obligate acidophiles

answer

only grow at pH of 2-3
hydrogen ions stabilize the cell membrane

question

neutrophiles

answer

grow well in pH 6-9
most organisms

question

alkalophiles

answer

grow at pH 10-12

question

transient flora

answer

commonly found on skin, not permanent, easily removed by normal handwashing

30 sec scrub removes most

question

resident flora

answer

also called normal flora, live on and in your body. more permanent, harder to remove. 2 min scrub removes some

question

pathogens in raw milk

answer

salmonella typhi
mycobacterium tuberculosis
brucella melitensis
e coli ( and other coliforms)
Coxiella burnetti
listeria monocytogenes

question

Grade A standards

answer

no more than 20,000 bacteria/ mL. no more than 10 coliforms/ mL

question

fermentation

answer

anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

question

homolactic

answer

microbes that produce only lactic acid

question

heterolactic

answer

organisms that produce lactic acid as well as ethanol and CO2

question

lactose fermentation test

answer

uses phenol red to measure the production of acidic end products

question

yellow (phenol red)

answer

fermenter, indicates acid production

question

red (phenol red)

answer

non-fermenter

question

antimicrobials

answer

chemicals that kill microbes or stop their growth
phenols
halogens
alcohols
quats

question

antibiotics

answer

antimicrobial substances produced by living organisms that kill or inhibit other microbes

question

broad spectrum

answer

ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms G+ and G-

question

narrow spectrum

answer

effective against specific bacteria

question

zone of inhibition

answer

Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc.

question

260 nm

answer

best UV radiation wavelength

question

purine and pyrimidine bases

answer

UV is absorbed by

question

pyrimidine dimers

answer

extra bonds formed between thymine or cytosine in DNA (cause of mutations) due to UV radiation

question

photolyase

answer

in the presence of a longer wavelength repair dimerized bases

question

strep throat

answer

acquire sample of the back of throat and tonsils

question

strep pyogenes

answer

strep is caused by

question

B hemolytic, G+ cocci

answer

strep pyogenes

question

abscesses

answer

some naturally carry pathogenic strains. may or may not show signs of illness. can infect others and contaminate foos. usually carried in nares (can be other places)

question

alpha hemolysis

answer

partial hemolysis (green)

question

beta hemolysis

answer

complete hemolysis (clear)

question

gamma hemolysis

answer

no hemolysis

question

sheep blood agar

answer

hemolysis is observed on

question

molds

answer

multicellular eukaryotes

question

yeast

answer

unicellular eukaryotes

question

Chlamydoconidia

answer

round, thick-walled

question

blastoconidia

answer

budding off another spore

question

arthroconidia

answer

rectangular, large

question

zygomycetes

answer

aseptate hyphae, sporangiospores, zygospores

question

ascomycetes

answer

septate hyphae, spores in ascus

question

basidiomycetes

answer

dikaryon fusion hyphae, produce fruit (mushrooms)

question

deuteromycetes

answer

asexual reproduction, human pathogens

question

dimorphism

answer

mold at 25 C and yeast at 37 C

1 of 49

question

Halotolerant (Osmotolerant)

answer

survive in 7.5%-10% NaCl

question

staph aureus

answer

halotolerant example

question

halotolerant survival

answer

survives by producing solutes when grown in high salt concentration. makes internal cytoplasm hypertonic to the outer environment

Proline, choline, betaine

question

extreme halophiles

answer

require high salt concentrations to stabilize the cell wall and enzymes

question

halobacterium salinarium

answer

extreme halophile examples

question

extreme halophile survival

answer

transport K+ from external environment into cells and accumulate in large quantities, water then enters the cell to prevent dehydration

question

glucose and fructose

answer

streptococci and lactobacilli produce acids from

question

calcium

answer

as pH drops below 4.8, lactobacilli multiply and produce enough acid to remove

question

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus

answer

__________ is mainly responsible for cavities, but the Snyder test measures acid production from _________

question

obligate acidophiles

answer

only grow at pH of 2-3
hydrogen ions stabilize the cell membrane

question

neutrophiles

answer

grow well in pH 6-9
most organisms

question

alkalophiles

answer

grow at pH 10-12

question

transient flora

answer

commonly found on skin, not permanent, easily removed by normal handwashing

30 sec scrub removes most

question

resident flora

answer

also called normal flora, live on and in your body. more permanent, harder to remove. 2 min scrub removes some

question

pathogens in raw milk

answer

salmonella typhi
mycobacterium tuberculosis
brucella melitensis
e coli ( and other coliforms)
Coxiella burnetti
listeria monocytogenes

question

Grade A standards

answer

no more than 20,000 bacteria/ mL. no more than 10 coliforms/ mL

question

fermentation

answer

anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

question

homolactic

answer

microbes that produce only lactic acid

question

heterolactic

answer

organisms that produce lactic acid as well as ethanol and CO2

question

lactose fermentation test

answer

uses phenol red to measure the production of acidic end products

question

yellow (phenol red)

answer

fermenter, indicates acid production

question

red (phenol red)

answer

non-fermenter

question

antimicrobials

answer

chemicals that kill microbes or stop their growth
phenols
halogens
alcohols
quats

question

antibiotics

answer

antimicrobial substances produced by living organisms that kill or inhibit other microbes

question

broad spectrum

answer

ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms G+ and G-

question

narrow spectrum

answer

effective against specific bacteria

question

zone of inhibition

answer

Region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc.

question

260 nm

answer

best UV radiation wavelength

question

purine and pyrimidine bases

answer

UV is absorbed by

question

pyrimidine dimers

answer

extra bonds formed between thymine or cytosine in DNA (cause of mutations) due to UV radiation

question

photolyase

answer

in the presence of a longer wavelength repair dimerized bases

question

strep throat

answer

acquire sample of the back of throat and tonsils

question

strep pyogenes

answer

strep is caused by

question

B hemolytic, G+ cocci

answer

strep pyogenes

question

abscesses

answer

some naturally carry pathogenic strains. may or may not show signs of illness. can infect others and contaminate foos. usually carried in nares (can be other places)

question

alpha hemolysis

answer

partial hemolysis (green)

question

beta hemolysis

answer

complete hemolysis (clear)

question

gamma hemolysis

answer

no hemolysis

question

sheep blood agar

answer

hemolysis is observed on

question

molds

answer

multicellular eukaryotes

question

yeast

answer

unicellular eukaryotes

question

Chlamydoconidia

answer

round, thick-walled

question

blastoconidia

answer

budding off another spore

question

arthroconidia

answer

rectangular, large

question

zygomycetes

answer

aseptate hyphae, sporangiospores, zygospores

question

ascomycetes

answer

septate hyphae, spores in ascus

question

basidiomycetes

answer

dikaryon fusion hyphae, produce fruit (mushrooms)

question

deuteromycetes

answer

asexual reproduction, human pathogens

question

dimorphism

answer

mold at 25 C and yeast at 37 C

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