geo chapter 5

-b/c it is one of the most important demographic shifts in the world

-concerned with determinants of health and disease in urban areas

-trends and patterns of people moving from rural to urban areas

-because it is good on one hand, allows people to obtain new opportunities and development
-on other hand leads to threats such a quick spread of disease

-contributed to environmental degradation, use more resources and decreases sanitation

-area with pop less than 1000

-lacks of decentralization
-increase infrastructure and employment
-climate and environment change drive people away from rural areas

-push (people move away): too busy, not enough land, expensive
-pull (bring people in): employment opportunities, access to stores, connections with other people

-physical, social, access to health and social services

-built environment, urban infrastructure water and sanitation, access to green space, geological and climate conditions, pollution, density and infectious disease, natural and technological hazards

-relation between housing and health, influences physical and mental health
-housing can influence physical health like asthma and injuries
-housing can influence mental health like distress and child development
-built environment also plays role in activity levels

-way city distributes water, disposes of garbage and provides energy
-city could have water scarcity and/or pollution
-sanitation key factor especially in public areas

-heat stroke, heat exhaustion, way we design roads and buildings can affect temperature

-increases physical activity and social time

-social disorganization, social resources, social contagion, socio-spatial segregation, social determinants and social inequality

-social disorganization: social order=conformity, social disorder=crime
-social resources: limited social support effects ones health
-social contagion: observing behaviour and attitudes of others
-socio-spatial segregation: segregation of ethnicities affects health
-social inequality: income inequality and mortality

-access to is easier in urban
-better access=better health
-stronger economy=better technology

-poverty, settlements, sanitation/waste disposal, water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, infectious disease

-lack of planning, lack of prevention, lack of law enforcement, lack of social investments

-thinking and planning using continuous system, address multiple challenged regarding urbanization

-to build more sustainable, economically competitive, environmentally friendly, socially inclusive and spatially coherent city

-may be lack of collaboration across sectors, may be lack of ongoing learning, require strong institutions and regulations and require strong transformational leadership