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geography
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how observable spatial patterns and interaction change over time, ask where things are located on the surface of the earth, why, how different, and how people interact with environment
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three approaches to health geog?
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ecological, social, spatial
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ecological approach
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focus on humans as biological entities, recognizing that people are apart of interdependent ecological systems
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social approach
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consider the ways in which humans health and well-being are influenced by social rather than biological, factors, human ecology, political ecology
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spatial approach
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investigate the importance of spatial attributes such as location and connectivity
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health
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continuing property that can be measured by the individual's ability to rally from a wide range and considerable amplitude of insults, the insults being chemical, physical, infectious, psychological and social
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three domains of geog
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human, physical, techniques
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human
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human activity, culture, society
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physical
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landforms, soil, H2O atmosphere, plant-animals
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techniques
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cartography, remote sensing, GIS, Statistics
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health geog
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application of geographical information, perspectives and methods to the study of health, disease and health care.
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morbidity
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the prevalence of disease and disability
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mortality
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pattern of death
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infant mortality rate
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number of deaths to children <1 year old per 1000 live births
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Under-5 mortality rate
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number of deaths to children <5 year older per 1000 live births
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infection
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the encounter of the a potentially pathogenic microorganism with a susceptible human host. the risk of infection depends on the likelihood of the exposure to the organism and the subsequent likelihood of successful transmission following exposure
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disease
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is clinically apparent infection and an infection accompanied by an illness
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infectious/communicable
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a disease (IE influenza) caused by entrance into the body pathogenic agents or microorganisms which grow and multiply
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non-infectious/non-communicable
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not transmissible directly from one person to another. (IE, heart disease, Parkinson's)
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prevalence
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how common is the disease in the population as of a certain time
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incidence
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how frequently are new cases of disease occurring in the population
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basic components of models
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Elements, states, transitions
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elements
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person, animals, pathogens, environmental reservoirs, vectors,
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states
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attributes of system elements, persons, animals, pathogens, vectors
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transitions
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rates of movement between states
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exploratory models
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explore determinant of disparities between populations
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laboratory models
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seek to evaluate the potential impact of specific interventions
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transmission
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determines the pattern of infection, in terms of person, place and time
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space
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absolute space (real, objective, measureable) , relative space (perceptual)
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place
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attributes and values we associate with a particular location
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approaches to defining place
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economic, social and humanistic, cultural
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economic
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the spatial distribution of social and economic activities (central place)
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social and humanistic
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locale, ore settings for everyday routine social interaction provided in a place
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culture
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the sense of place or identification with a place engendered by living in it
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interactions between places
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accessibility, connectivity, network
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accessibility
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relative ease with which you can reach a destination
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connectivity
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a measure of the degree of connections or relationships between people [objects] across the barrier of space
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networks
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the areal pattern of connections between place
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maps are models
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a pictorial model of reality; earth's surface and distributions of features
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why maps?
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navigation, visualization, measurements,
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navigation
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roadmaps, bus routes, navigation charts
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visualization
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tell a story, show results, communicate findings and issues
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measurements
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construction, monitor change, store field measurements
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types of scale
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phenomenon, analysis, cartographic
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phenomenon
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spatial and/or temporal extent at which a phenomena occurs
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analysis
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scale at which phenomena will be studied
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cartographic
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relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on the earth's surface
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GISystem
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a tool that allows users to create interactive queries, analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps and present the results of all these operations
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GIScience
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the science underlying the geographic ideas, concepts, applications, and systems -- at is core spatial data collection and analysis
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fertility rate
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average number of live births per woman of childbearing age
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total fertility rate
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lifetime live births per woman, extrapolated for a given year from women of childbearing age
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replacement fertility rate
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the number of births per woman to keep the population stable
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migration
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the movement from one country, place, or locality to another, can affect health, access to care and ability for onward transmission
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mobility
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the ability to move, to be mobile
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herd immunity
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implies general immunity in a population based on the acquired immunity to by a high proportion of members over time
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herd immunity threshold
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the proportion of people in a population that need to be vaccinated in order to limit the spread of disease in the population
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