Geography 1HA3 Midterm 1 Review

the study of patterns and processes on the Earth's surface

the study of human patterns and processes

areal extent

objective, physically real, with measurable extent and definable boundaries

subjective/perceptual and variable over time

refers to a particular position in space

latitude and longitude co-ordinates using an arbitrary mathematical grid

subject to change and interpretation

a place name

a location with a particular identity or meaning or significance

personally significant, attachments we associate with places

places that have a particularly strong meaning (often religious) to individuals and groups

places evoke little to no meaning, localities look like the next

the amount of space between two or more locations

the spatial organization of geographic phenomena

the frequency with which something exists in a measured area

how something is spread over an area (concentrated/clustered vs. dispersed/scattered)

the spatial arrangement of objects

a part of the world that is different/distinct from the rest

(a part of the earth that displays internal homogeneity and is relatively distinct from surrounding areas according to some criteria)

the process where we simplify our complex world and its human and physical geographic patterns and processes into regions

the visible features of the land/area

the outcome of interactions between people and their environment; the visible human imprint on the land

the movement/spread of a geographic phenomena across space and over time

Relocation: the spread of ideas, cultural characteristics, etc. from one area to another via the physical movement of people

Expansion: the spread of innovations within a single area via a snowballing process

Hierarchical: ideas leapfrog from one important person to the next or from one city to another temporarily bypassing people or areas in between

Contagious: rapid and widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

A two-dimensional representation of the world; a device used to communicate information and analyze spatial problems

indicates the spatial relationship between real-world locations, distances and areas, and their representation on the map

uses a North arrow/compass rose to orient the map

an upside down map

reveals patterns of spatial concentration (clustering) or dispersion

indicating graduated variations in data

connecting locations of equal data value

emphasizing particular attributes by distorting space

the study of population

the study of the spatial components of geography

1. the first agricultural revolution

2. the industrial revolution

the number of people per unit area

1. physical geographic factors (temperature, water availability, etc)

2. cultural and economic factors (areas with history of settlement)

P1 = P0 + (B - D)

PI = population this year
P0 = population last year
B = births since last year
D = deaths since last year

CBR = B/P × 1000

the number of women in the population and the number of women of child-bearing age

GFR = B/PF-(15 to 49) × 1000

the average number of children a woman will have (~2.6)

biological (i.e. age), economical (i.e. burden), cultural (marriage/contraception)

CDR = D/P × 1000

IMR = D0-1/B × 1000

average number of years of life

variations in access to health care, economic circumstances, food supply, and environmental conditions

the spatial movement of population from one place to another

P1 = P0 + (B-D) + (I-E)

I = immigration
E = emigration

economic, political, and environmental

where the migrant hanse other choice or it is against their will, i.e. slavery and trafficking

movement where choice is limited, i.e. refugees

free will to move wherever in search of something better

1. food supply increases in a linear fashion
2. population increases in an exponential fashion

a model that explains changes in population due to social/cultural and economic processes that affect levels of fertility

large families are of declining importance, and women now have greater empowerment over fertility

1. increasing/decreasing births via natal policies

2. decreasing/increasing deaths via health care

3. encouraging.discouraging migration via immigration laws

a diagrammatic representation of the age and sex structure of a population

high fertility, each generation is bigger than the one before it

each generation is smaller than the one before it

the process where the proportion of elderly people increases and the proportion of young people decreases

a greater proportion of dependants, elderly require more health care, social services like retirement benefits

the study of the spatial context of disease

the study of the spatial context of health and well-being

traditionally, health = the absence of disease

more recently, health = the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

1. distribution: the spatial patterns for health, disease, etc

2. diffusion: the spread of disease over space

3. determinants: the factors affecting health status

4. delivery: the provision of health-care services

an outbreak of a disease where the umber of cases substantially exceeds what is normal or expected

an outbreak of a disease of such greater geographic scale and proportion than an epidemic

the study of the incidence, transmission and control of disease

changing prevalence of infectious and generative diseases

1. age of pestilence and famine (stage 1-2: infectious and parasitic diseases dominate)

2. age of degenerative diseases (stage 3-4: chronic disorders associated with aging)

a new age - (stage 5) return of infectious/communicable diseases?