GHS exam

Area of study that focuses on understanding health issues and concerns that transcend national borders, class, race, ethnicity and culture.

The application of the principles of public health to health practices, policies and problems that affect low and middle income countries.

the science of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention.

Disease specific,Individually focused,Emphasis on medical care & treatment

Health & wellbeing, Population focused, Interventions aimed at the environment, human behavior and lifestyle, and medical care

How diseases occur & spread

Trends & patterns of health indicators

Social influences on behavior & health

Impact of the environment on health

Management of health care services

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

physical, emotional, social, mental

economic, political, environmental, cultural, technological & social

Laid the foundation of environmental epidemiology,Provided a good example of the epidemiologic triangle: environment, the host & the agent

1977

Airborne transmission,Pockmarked scarring & blindness,Each infected individual on average infects 5-7 others, 80-85% of a population must be vaccinated to prevent widespread epidemics

Poliomyelitis,Food-borne (ingestion) infection through the ingestion of contaminated foods. o Milk, water, or any others that may be contaminated by handling, flies

llnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spread directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

Include road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence, among other things

diseases that affect most of the world's poor in the tropics

number of people contracting a disease during a time period

The proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease

A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.

Healthy life Expectancy

Years of Life Lost (Years of life lost due to premature death)

years lived with disability

Years of Healthy Life Lost

Heart diseases, stroke, pulmanory diseaes

Shift from burden of disease dominated by communicable disease to burden of disease dominated by non-communicable disease as a country transitions from developing nation to developed nation status.

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

The historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates to one with low birth rates and low death rates as a country transitions from a society with minimal technology, education, and economic development, to one with advanced technology

The coexistence of high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases

The occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or increase in incidence/rates of a disease in an area

A worldwide spread of a new disease

born, grow up, live, work, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness

Social support & capital, Social norms and attitudes, Socioeconomic status ,Culture,Education, Poverty

Housing type, access & policies• Access to healthy food ,Access to educational, economic, and job opportunities

individual, group, community, political

Poverty prevents people from adequate access to basic social necessities of life

Poverty increases stress which has significant impact on the functioning of the body

An element such as personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure or an inborn inherited characteristic associated with health-related conditions based on epidemiologic evidence

The way a cultural group interprets an abnormal manifestation (symptoms) of any dimension of health.

Local cultural interpretations of physical states that people perceive to be illness but that do not have a physiologic cause

The way a cultural group interprets the underlying cause of an abnormal physiologic experience

Activities that help with the prevention of a specific illness or even disease

Approaches to dealing with health related states

A condition of being frightened and "chronic somatic suffering stemming from emotional trauma or from witnessing traumatic experiences lived by others."

Approaches to dealing with health related states

sudden occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season

The largest epidemic of the disease ever recorded • Multiple countries affected • $25.2 billion lost GDP 2014-2015• > 25,000 people infected • >10,000 deaths

Viral load highest at death• Funerals with ritual washing of corpse, handling of body• Acceptance of safe burial practices culturally difficult

Did not acknowledge cultural understandings of illness and disease2. Did not communicate effectively on the cause and general epidemiology of the disease3. Removed dead family members from home in a "bag"4. Did not allow family to join corpse5. Did not allow family to see/participate in funerals6. Buried fetus with mother7. Attacked cultural food practices 1. Strongly discouraging hunting and eating bush meat

involves looking at other cultures from the perspectives of one's culture

Cultures are unique- looking at another culture by its own terms not using standards of another culture

A lifelong process of self-reflection and self critique whereby an individual not only learns about other cultures, but starts with an examination of his/her own beliefs and cultural identities

complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security

a person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion

people who are forced to flee or migrate and leave their homes during a disaster or complex humanitarian emergency but stay in the country in which they were living

involves the selection and transfer of refugees from a State in which they have sought protection to a third State

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

external physical, chemical, and microbiological exposures and processes that impinge upon individuals and groups and are beyond the immediate control of individuals

In its natural state all water is impure

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) ,Ambient Air Pollution ,Household Air Pollution

carried or transmitted through water

Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene

Transmission via an aquatic intermediate host

Transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water

A disease caused by the development of Dracunculus medinensis in the subcutaneous tissue of mammals.

Increase in the overall average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect caused by pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Unpredictable changes to climate and weather patterns due to rise in global atmospheric temperature.

Less surface water Lower ground water recharge rate More water needed for agriculture Extensive Flooding

An acute diarrheal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

Improvement in hygen and sanatation, vaccines, decreases in child mortatlity