question
health
answer
the combination of physical, mental/emotional, and social well-being
question
holistic
answer
dealing with something as a whole rather than by its individual parts
question
2 eyed seeing approach
answer
combination of Western & Indigenous knowledge that originated from the Mi'Kmaq tribe
question
4 health promoting conditions
answer
available health services, adequate housing, nutritious food, and safe work
question
Western approach
answer
based on scientific data & evidence
question
Indigenous approach
answer
based on the impact of colonization & marginalization
question
Indigenous medicine wheel
answer
aligns different health dimensions - spiritual, physical, mental, and emotional
question
centre of medicine wheel
answer
represents learning, beauty, and harmony
question
shape of medicine wheel
answer
represents interconnectivity of different healthcare aspects
question
East portion of medicine wheel
answer
spiritual, yellow, eagle, spring, tobacco
question
South portion of medicine wheel
answer
emotional, red, coyote, summer, cedar
question
West portion of medicine wheel
answer
physical, black, bear, autumn, sage
question
North portion of medicine wheel
answer
mental, white, deer, winter, sweetgrass
question
How much more prone are Indigenous People to infectious disease compared to the general population?
answer
8-10x more
question
How many more deaths by suicide are there among Indigenous Peoples compared to the general population?
answer
2x more
question
How much more overcrowding is there in Indigenous homes compared to the general population?
answer
6x more
question
What percent of Indigenous Peoples live in overcrowded homes?
answer
40%
question
How many Indigenous Peoples have food/water shortages compared to the general population?
answer
4x more
question
What ways do Indigenous Peoples have more employment barriers?
answer
More work part-time jobs (which are more prone to economic downturn), systemic discrimination, and more hospitalizations from unsafe work
question
When was the Indian Act created?
answer
1876
question
What was the purpose of the Indian Act?
answer
Assimilate Indigenous Peoples - the government did this without consultation with these populations
question
How did the Indian Act harm Indigenous Peoples?
answer
People were "civilized" by Christianizing them, disconnecting them from their ways, and forcing them into permanent agricultural settlements
question
What did the Opaskwayak Cree Nation accomplish in July 2020?
answer
They signed a declaration for control over their child/family services and raised their first pride flag
question
What are the accomplishments of the Mohawk Bay of Quinte?
answer
Made a Community Health Act to provide care to all, regardless of status, as well as contributed to the Prenatal Nutrition Program
question
global health
answer
worldwide health problems, issues, and concerns
question
4 principles of global health
answer
data/evidence, population-focused, social justice, focus on prevention
question
government contribution to global health
answer
programs, services, and policies
question
societal contribution to global health
answer
using resources, following guidelines
question
public health contribution to global health
answer
maintenance, protection, promotion, prevention
question
World Health Organization (WHO)
answer
a group within the United Nations responsible for human health, including combating the spread of infectious diseases and health issues related to natural disasters
question
How many staff does the WHO have?
answer
7000 in 150 different countries
question
Where are the WHO headquarters?
answer
Geneva, Switzerland
question
What is the main principle of the WHO constitution?
answer
"health is a human right"
question
When was the WHO formed?
answer
April 7, 1948
question
When was the WHO declaration made?
answer
December 10th, 1948
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 1950s?
answer
promoting primary health programs & launching campaigns
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 1960s?
answer
campaign to eradicate malaria & was the main pharmaceutical authority
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 1970s?
answer
expanded immunizations & made the declaration of alma-ata
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 1980s?
answer
HIV prevention & the smoking or health program
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 1990s?
answer
eliminating leprosy, controlling tuberculosis, and giving children the hepatitis B vaccine
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 2000s?
answer
mental health, Indigenous health, and the millenium development goals
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 2010s?
answer
non-communicable diseases & sustainable development goals
question
What did the WHO focus on in the 2020s?
answer
COVID-19
question
human rights
answer
basic freedoms and rights that all people should enjoy
question
What is #25 in the human rights constitution?
answer
the right to health - universal coverage, ending discrimination, and individual-centered care
question
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
answer
made to ensure survival and well-being for Indigenous populations
question
When was resiliency added to the health promotion movement?
answer
1980s
question
social resiliency
answer
support networks & social environments
question
personal resources
answer
health practices & coping skills
question
physical resources
answer
health & abilities
question
social determinants of health
answer
the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age
question
14 factors of Mikkonen/Raphael's SDHs
answer
gender, disability, housing, social safety net, health services, early life, income, education, Indigenous status, food insecurity, race, employment, social exclusion, unemployment/job insecurity
question
protective factor
answer
anything that decreases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
question
upstream intervention
answer
addressed early-on; treats the cause of health problems (SDHs)
question
downstream intervention
answer
individual care level; treats the health problem itself, but not its social causes
question
advocacy
answer
pleading a cause or supporting another's interest
question
benefits of advocacy
answer
helps groups achieve equity and improves global health of marginalized people
question
drawbacks of advocacy
answer
can lead to oppression of other groups & views on certain issues are prone to change
question
What is the responsibility of an advocate?
answer
identifying SDHs, promoting health, and focusing on patient and community needs
question
levels of advocacy
answer
individual, community, global humanitarian
question
What groups were compared in the 2016 Health Quality Ontario Study?
answer
5 income levels - low, low-middle, middle, middle-upper, upper
question
What were the findings of the 2016 Health Quality Ontario Study?
answer
lower income = less health and a lower life expectancy
question
How much of our life, environment, biology, and healthcare account for our health outcomes?
answer
50% our life, 10% our environment, 15% our biology, and 25% our healthcare
question
What were Hans Rowling's discoveries in his Gapminder study?
answer
the rich and health have 4 things in common - time, trade, peace, and green technology
question
inequity
answer
unfair, avoidable systemic disadvantage
question
inequality
answer
different health in different populations
question
epidemiology
answer
the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
question
Where does Indigenous epidemiological data come from?
answer
colonization
question
2 ways to reach data sovereignty
answer
decolonizing data & controlling data governance
question
Maggie Walter's 5 colonization categories
answer
disparity, depravation, disadvantage, dysfunction, difference
question
What is the problem with Maggie Walter's classifications?
answer
sometimes they rationalize dispossession and marginalization, causing a false sense of dependency in Indigenous communities
question
data governance
answer
who gets control over data - how info is collected, used, and shared
question
prevalence
answer
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time (prevalence = # of cases/total population)
question
point prevalence
answer
# of cases at a specific time/total population at that time
question
period prevalence
answer
# of cases at a period of time/average population during that time
question
incidence
answer
the number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time for an at-risk group
question
cumulative incidence/incidence proportion
answer
# of new cases over time period/total at-risk population
question
incidence density rate/person-time incidence rate
answer
# of people who get the disease/# of person-years at risk (# of people at risk x # of years at risk)
question
crude mortality rate
answer
# of deaths over a time period x 100,000/population at midpoint of time period
question
specific mortality rate
answer
# of deaths over a time period (in a subgroup) x 100,000/population at midpoint of time period
question
all-cause mortality
answer
deaths for any reasons
question
cause-specific mortality
answer
deaths from the disease
question
When is mortality standardized?
answer
when comparing mortality in 2 populations with different mortality influencing factors (not with crude/specific rates)
question
vital event registration
answer
government tracking of events (prevalence, distribution, cause)
question
importance of vital event registration
answer
identifies inequalities and helps plan services
question
odds ratio
answer
used when there is no given population incidence, for example with a rare outcome of a case control study (odds ratio = a x d / b x c)
question
relative risk
answer
likeliness of different groups to get a disease [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
question
What does it mean when RR is less than 1?
answer
E+ has a lower disease risk
question
What does it mean when RR is more than 1?
answer
E+ has a higher disease risk
question
When does it mean when RR is 1?
answer
equal disease risk for both groups
question
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
answer
years lost from disability & disease, measures the burden of it (DALY = years lived with disability + years of life lost)
question
YLD
answer
prevalence x disability weighing factor
question
YLL
answer
# of deaths x (life expectancy - age of death)
question
pros of DALY
answer
easy comparison of disease burden & potential to contribute is the best evaluation there is
question
cons of DALY
answer
ableist & does not account for age (affects ability to contribute)
question
What is the purpose of oral histories and stories?
answer
explain past events to offer caution
question
oral history
answer
time period or event specific recollection
question
story
answer
creatively told to emphasize lessons
question
orator
answer
speakers/tellers - tell stories and add their own experiences (done via dancing/drumming)
question
What is an example of blending of oral histories and storytelling?
answer
COVID/SARS - records/experiences from past illnesses were used to fight COVID
Order an Essay Now & Get These Features For Free:
Turnitin Report
Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
