Global Health 101: Test 1

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health, and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

giving everyone appropriate resources for their needs

giving everyone the exact same resources

Infectious/ Communicable, maternal and child health, nutritional deficiencies

non communicable and neuropsychiatric

injuries (intentional and unintentional)

Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States

This way of classifying countries takes into account not only income per capita but also educational attainment and total fertility rate

composite scale: 0-1

Goal 3 has to do with global health: well-being
16 moved to 17

total number of cases in a specified population per 100,000 people at time point or over a time period, expressed as %

total number of new cases in a specified population per 100,000 people at risk within a specific period of time (usually 1 year)

deaths per 1000 people (EMRO)

at birth

healthy life years lost due to disability, illness, injury or death (years lived with disability + years of life lost)

avert 1 DALY @ less than or equal to 3 times the GDP per capita

less than 1 times the GDP per capita

one year of healthy life lost

trying to prevent yourself from getting a disease

trying to detect a disease early and prevent it from getting worse (early dectection and screening)

trying to improve your quality of life and reduce the symptoms of disease you already have (rehabilitation)

Diet, tobacco, alcohol and pollution

near, close to me, directly affects health

indirect impact on health, social determinants

Factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.

mental health, experience, stress, resilience

location, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic, education, occupation

Networks, Barriers, Structural violence, Global transition, Health Wealth Gradient, The Status Syndrome

indoor air pollution (women and children in subsaharan africa), outdoor air pollution, unsafe water/sanitation/hygiene, malnutrition

Undernutrition: insufficient intake of calories, micronutrients

Overnutrition: excessive caloric intake, overconsumption of micronutrients

Actors work independently, collaboratively, multi-sectorally and sometimes competitively

Action takes place within context of evolving norms, laws and legally binding instruments, strategies, relationships, sectors, frameworks, social capital, "soft power" (persuasion, diplomacy) and "hard power" (Threats, coercion)

general that can treat many, promoting general health

disease specialized, direct, narrow group
- PEPFAR

Strengthen supply chain for disease, strengthen broader aspects of a systems starting with one disease

Use of military, economic, or other strengths to influence other actor's decision making (coercive, threats)

Ability to attract, cooperate, or convince rather than compel
Non-coercive, through culture & language

decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society

politics trump science

many actors working together to support many countries
- UN, WHO, multilateral development banks

One to one relationship
- PEPFAR: company and other country

service delivery
health workforce
Information
medical products/ vaccine/ technology
financing system
leadership/ governance

Improved health levels and equity
Responsiveness
Social and financial risk operation

General government financing
Employment taxes
Private out of pocket spending (OOP)
Private health insurance arrangements
Official development assistance (ODA)

those in greatest need of care are the least likely to receive it

AFRO: americas
PAHO: pan american health organization
AMRO: africa
EUR: europe
EMRO: eastern mediterranean
SEARO: south-East Asian
WPRO: western pacific

EVERYONE

middle income countries

new incidence cases flowing in, current bathtub: prevalence, subtract vapor rising: recovery, subtract leak: death and mortality

in low income countries, group 1 disease dominates, but high burden of group 2 as well. (N/A: other countries have shifted more towards group 2)

demographic: shift from high birth/ mortality to low birth mortality
urban: shift from rural to urban regions
nutritional: shifts from cereals, fibers,
epidemiological: shift from infectious to chronic

Population: who is covered?
Services: which services are covered?
Direct costs: proportion of costs covered?

low income countries: only 27% of health spending is in aid
- higher reliance on aid

low middle countries: health spending is only 3% in aid

Development Assistance for Health

Health Systems Strengthening

sector wide approaches

research --> design --> implant --> evaluate

Mortality, Morbidity and disability