Global Health and Disease Test 3

lead, radon, smoke, volcanic gases, arsenic

- arsenic in groundwater - referred to as "greatest episode of mass poisoning in history"
- 80 million people are at risk
- caused by the ground water wells put in place to try to stop cholera

- substance that contaminates water, air, or soil because it is found at a higher concentration than would be expected to occur naturally
- hard to quantify long term effects

- ozone, PM
- causes long term health effects
- heart disease

ozone, PM, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and lead

- temperature inversions
- air is trapped underneath and blankets pollutants

Caused by industrialization and photochemical smog from burning of coal

- factors that cause quality decline: urban population, sewage discharge, municipal landfills, industrial dump sites, and agricultural fertilizers

- mercury poisoning in children
- bioaccumulated in fish

gold mining, paper and pulp mills, natural releases, coal residues

waste can leech into food or water supplies that are consumed by humans

- birth of environmental justice movement
- was a dumping site for toxic waste

areas designated by the EPA for cleanup of hazardous waste

a chemical that mimics or interferes with the actions of the endocrine system in humans and wildlife (affects the ability of the hormones in the organisms to function properly)
- PCBs, dioxins, heavy metals, DDT, phthalates
- alter reproductive systems

"cluster" is an usually aggregation, real or perceived, of health effects that are grouped together in time and space

- duplicate the conditions of a laboratory as closely as possible
- systematic differences between the two groups suggest the exposure may have had an effect
(vaccines)

people are divided into groups according to their exposure status. The two groups are followed to see if one or more groups experiences a health effect
(superfund site)

people are divided according to their disease status. The exposure histories if the groups are examined and compared for systematic differences that would suggest that a particular exposure is related to the disease

nothin is known initially about either exposure of disease status. people are sampled at a particular point in time and tested to see if there is an association between an exposure and a health outcome

uses aggregated data. An association between an exposure and a health outcome provides some preliminary evidence that two are related.

the dose = level of exposure multiplied by the length of time of exposure

level below which there are no visible or noticeable effects

committed when one assumes that an association found at an aggregated scale also applies at a finer scale

can occur when a factor is not being examined in the study is associated with both the exposure and the health outcome

- 1982 in Warren County NC

help explain spatial patterns

Laboratory-based animal studies
Laboratory-based in vitro studies
Human intervention (clinical) trials

Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior.

refers to the beliefs and practices acquired from society that are lived by a particular group of people

gender, class, race, ethnicity

...

refer to the ways in which social structures and institutions prevent people from meeting their basic health needs and if often considered to be gendered

physical, economic, cultural

promoting health for all people in ways that encourage community self-reliance

dependency ratio

number of people under 15 and over 65/number of people aged 15 65x100

elderly, sever accident victims, premature babies

graphic representation of the cultural and physical environment

used to convey spatial patterns in data, such as incidence of a particular disease or healthcare expenditure

areas are colored or shaded to represent the density of a particular phenomenon or to symbolize classes within it

use dots or symbols to represent the number of occurrences of a given data characteristic in a particular location
- each dot used may represent a single entity

a map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent

relation between a unit of distance on a map to a larger distance in the real world

exists at all points on earth

exists in specific locations and not in others

objects classified into groups which have names

observations assigned to discrete categories
- categories are ranked and have some kind of order/hierarchical relationship

nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio

classifies data on a linear scale, but not relative to a true zero point in time or space

quantitative attribute that has a true origin

show the number of deaths as a proportion of the total population

one of the best indicators for the general health conditions of a place

consider the "net change in the contribution to life-chances made by living in one area rather than another"
- refers to the impact of the social and physical environment on health and wellbeing

posits that certain places encourage behaviors that pose a high risk to health, such as drug use or promiscuous sexual activity

risks posed to human health through natural events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or hurricanes

places that are characterized by environments that promote increased food intake, non-healthful foods, and physical inactivity

refers to the exclusion and marginalization of people stigmatized by society

consider how the bodily and social experiences of people with disabilities are unique

genetics, socioeconomic status, and identity

the sum of one's lived experiences
- important in understanding the uniqueness of health outcomes and our responses to health insults

refers to the idea that Latino populations in the US have some better health indicators than majority populations, despite that they have lower socioeconomic status

geographic, economic, social, and cultural reasons why individuals do not receive effective healthcare

view healthcare as an inherently political, economic, and cultural concern