Global Health chap 2

have to understand what factors have the most influence on health status, how health stuff is measured, and what key trends in health stud have occurred historically.

whether or not person is healthy goes beyond access to health services. Many factors that are interconnected play a role. The first group of factors that helps determine health relates to the personal and inborn features of individuals. This includes genetic makeup, sex, and age. Socioeconomic status(social, economic, and work status) is another important health determinant. As one's socioeconomic status improves, so does their health. The extent to which people get support from there family, friends, and community also has an important link in health. Culture is a determinant of health. Gender roles play an important role in health. Women could have less opportunities and care. The environment is a determinant of health (pollution, bad drinking water). Education is a powerful determinant of health because it brings knowledge of good health practices and it provides opportunities for gaining sills, getting better employment, raising one's income, and enhancing one's social status. Positive correlation between level of education and key health indicators. People's own health practices and behaviors are critical determinants of health. Another determinant of future health is the way families nourish and care for infants and young children. Also access to health care services plays a role. The government approach to help also plays a role in health.

Data can be collected from health status of people and communities, life expectancy at birth(most common), infant(used a lot) and child mortality, maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, under 5 mortality rate, health services(number of doctors and nurses), financing health. We need data to know the extent of conditions and to carry out disease surveillance.

sickness, or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being.

death

number of deaths per 1000 populations in a given year

suffer the temporary or long term reduction in a person's capacity to function

the number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specific time period. Measures the chance of heaving a disease.

proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time

measures how many people get a disease, for a specified number of people at risk, for given period of time

infectious diseases. Illnesses caused by a infectious agent that spread directly or indirectly from people to people

illnesses that a re not spread by an infectious agent. Like hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes

quality for data on population and health depends on which countries maintain a system of vital registration that can accurately record births, deaths, and causes of death. This is not the case in many low/low middle income countries. Vital registration systems is highly inequitable, with higher income groups enjoying much better access than less well off people. There are cultural barriers to timely vital registration because people in many countries wait until a child is a certain age before registering the birth. Lack of access to vital registration, means the existence of some children is never fully known. Difficulties in causes of death determination. To overcome the lack of effective vital registration systems in low and middle-income countries, a number of tools, surveys and projection models have been developed. World would be better if countries helped each other develop their own vital registration systems.

index would account morbidity, mortality, and disability and allow one to calculate the index by age, gender, and region, and make comparisons of health across regions. An indicator is health adjusted life expectancy or HALE. It is a health expectancy measure. HALE is the number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability. This can also be seen as the equivalent number of years in full health that newborn can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality. To calculate the HALE, the years of ill health are weighted according to severity and subtracted from the overall life expectancy.

DALY the composite indicator of health status that is most commonly used in global health work. Basically, the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. DALYs are also defined as years of healthy life lost. A society that has more premature death, illness, and disability has more DALYs than a society that is healthier and has less illness, disability, and premature death.

DALYs take into account periods in which people are living with disability. By doing this, it gives a better estimate than measuring deaths alone of the true health of a population. DALYS measures overall health status and assessing the most cost-effective approaches to dealing with various health problems.

Group 1: communicable, maternal, and perinatal conditions and nutritional disorders
Group 2: noncommunicable diseases
Group3: injuries, including accidents and falls and violence

people in the world are loving longer, people dying at lower rates, people living longer who have disabilities, burden of disease is predominantly noncommunicable in all World Bank regions (except Sub-Saharan),burden of disease has shifted toward noncommunicable diseases in all World Bank regions, shift has been fueled by a reduction in communicable diseases and the aging of populations

communicable diseases are more important and noncommunicable diseases are less important in percentage terms than they are for deaths. Mental health issues to overall ill health and disability. Leading cause of deaths in low-middle income countries is stroke while high income is Ischemic heart disease. the leading cause of DALYs in low and middle income countries is lower respiratory infections. High income countries is Ischemic heart disease.

the burden of deaths globally is important when you're considering all age groups and both sexes, has shifted increasingingly toward noncommunicable diseases. Road injuries have become important. When looking at DALYs, significant shift from communicable diseases and other Group 1 causes to noncommunicable diseases and injuries

the higher the level of income of the countries in a region, the more likely it is that the leading causes of death and DALYs will be noncommunicable. The lower the level of income, the more likely it is that the communicable diseases will be important. Burden of disease in Sub Sahara Africa regions remind dominated by communicable diseases.

leading cause of death for kids 0 to 5 for low and middle income countries are newborn infections and communicable diseases. Leading cause of death for children under 5 for high income countries are conditions related to newborn majority and road injury and drowning and interpersonal violence. Leading death in kids 5-14 in low and middle class are preventable treatable communicable diseases. High income countries children die of cancer and injuries. For people 15-49, middle income the leading cause is HIV, injury and tuberculosis. The DALYs for this group is HIV, TB and maternal disorders. Also interpersonal violence and depressive disorders.

low and middle income death for females is communicable diseases and maternal complications. Leading cause of females in high income is noncommunicable. Leading cause of DALys in females in low and middle is similar to deaths. high income DALYs in female is similar to death and also depression disorders. Males in low and middle is similar to females but also injures. Males in high income is is similar to females but also self harm. Leading cause of DALYs for male low and middle is similar to deaths but also low back pain. The DALYs high income include back pain and self harm and depression disorders.

region, age, sex all play a part. Rural people will be less healthy than urban people. Disadvantaged ethnic minorities will be less healthy than majority populations. Females will suffer a number of conditions that relate to weak social positions. Poor people will be less healthy than wealthy people. Uneducated people will be less healthy than educated. Low socioeconomic people will have high rates of communicable diseases, death, and illness. They will also suffer a burden of disease relates to smoking and diet.

an aspect or personal behavior/ lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or inherited characteristic that is associated with health related condition considered important to prevent. high probability of health risk. Tobacco remains the leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in high income countries

pop growth, pop aging, urbanization, demographic divide, demographic transition

growing. Shows majority of population growth happening in low and middle income

especially true in high income countries. Shifts ratio and threat of burden of disease and how will be financed. Raise costs of health care

people move from rural to urban. Could be gaps in infrastructure and water to meed demand of supply.

high income countries have: low fertility, declining populations, and aging populations. Low income countries is high fertility, population growing.

Shift from a pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality , with population growth occurring in between

high and fluctuating mortality, poor health conditions, epidemics, and famine. Progressive declines in mortality as epidemics decrease. Further declines in mortality, increases in life expectancy, and noncommunicable diseases. Shifts of noncommunicable diseases shifts to communicable. Shifts depends on determinants of health.

population growth, population aging, migration, economics, climate change, technology, political stability, infectious diseases, supplies.

tries to access the cause of death. Monitoring households. Conduct surveys. Interview household members. What we thought was the burden of disease actually isn't. Lots of heart disease. This approach is cost effective. Verbal autopsies could be used to reduce inaccurate data collected.

low costa and very successful. Had high levels of health even with low income. Did this by good education, early commitment to wide spread health services, good nutrition, women have been seen as assests and are respected and utilized, good government action