Global Health chapter 2

-Individual Characteristics (Genetic make-up, sex, age)
-socioeconomic status
-culture
-environment
-educational attainment
-health behaviors
-childhood development

-finding which diseases people suffer from
-determining the extent of which a disease causes death/disability
-carrying out disease surveillance

the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

the average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborn's life

the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy & childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

the number of deaths to infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from a psychological or physiological state of well-being

death

temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population

-or infectious diseases
illnesses caused by a infectious agent that spreads directly/indirectly from person to person, animals to people, or people to animals

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

includes road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, & violence, etc.

-records births, deaths, & causes of death
-needs to be accurate to have quality data
-many low-and-middle income countries lack this
-cultural barriers

-summarizes expected number of years to be lived in what might be termed the equivalent of good health
-health-expectancy measure
-calculate: the years of ill health are weighted according to severity & subtracted from overall life expectancy

-the sum of years lost due to premature death (YLLs)
-years of healthy life lost
-health gap measure
-indicated losses due to illness, disability & premature death in population

-people in much of the world are living longer than before & dying at lower rates than earlier
-as people live long, there is an increase in the years people live w/ disability
-the burden of is noncommunicable in all World Bank regions (except sub-Saharan African)
-over the last few decades, the burden of disease has shifted toward noncommunicable diseases by a reduction in communicable diseases & the aging of populations

-higher income countries tend to have a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases
-the lowest income countries have a greater burden of communicable diseases
-Africa & South Asia are set apart by their large burdens of communicable disease

-rural people will be less healthy
-disadvantaged ethnic minorities will be less healthy
-females will suffer form their weak social positions
-poor people will be less healthy
-uneducated people will be less healthy

an aspect/personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn characteristic that is known to be associated w/ heath-related condition considered important to prevent

-current world pop: 7.2 billion & growing
-majority of population growth will occur in low-and middle-income countries
-this growth will put pressure on the environment & infrastructure

-population of the world is aging
-affects burden of disease because people will be living longer w/ morbidity & disabilities
-affects healthcare financing because of costs of caring for older people

ratio between the number of people that are 15-64 years old, compared with the number that are 65 years old or older

-in the last decade, most of the world's population has lived their entire life in urban areas
-people are continuing to move from rural to urban areas, especially in low-and middle-income countries

Highest income countries: low fertility, often declining populations, aging populations
Low income countries: relatively high fertility, growing populations

- shift from pattern of high fertility & high mortality to low fertility & low mortality
-mortality declines with better hygiene & nutrition
-populations grows w/ gap between births & deaths
-fertility declines
-population growth slows & older share of population increases at births & deaths equalize

- shift from burden of disease dominated by communicable disease to burden of disease dominated by noncommunicable disease
-low-income countries are going through it now
- high & fluctuating mortality, related to very poor health conditions, epidemics, & famine
-the pace of this transition depends on factors related to the determinants of health

-improvements in raising life expectancy & improving health not uniform across countries
-life expectancy in South Asia & sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions
-life expectancy in Europe & Central Asia changed little from 1990-2011, related to breakup of Soviet Union
-life expectancy in East Asia increased due to rapid economic growth

-economies of low-income countries need to grow in order to invest in health
-impact will depend on how equitable growth is across population groups & investments in areas that improve health such as water, sanitation, & education

-development of vaccines, drugs, & diagnostics
-country's ability to adopt these changes will determine their effect on health

-impact not entirely clear
-possible migration from places that become uninhabitable
-adverse weather
-possible change in populations of disease vectors

-necessary for long-term gains in health
-instability causes illness, disability, & death, as well as breakdown of infrastructure & services that leads to further health issues
-instability has impeded achieving the Millennium Development Goals

-occurrence & impact difficult to predict
-Pandemic flu could have a major impact in the future
-drug resistance outpacing our ability to produce safe & effective drugs could also have a substantial impact on the burden of disease

-difficult to predict but can use models to project
-substantial changes projected to 2030
-low-and lower-middle-income countries will shift away from communicable disease
-causes associated w/ aging will increase in importance
-mental health issues will increase in importance for all income groups

-health usually increases as national income increases
-some countries have achieved higher life expectancies than their incomes would predict
-this is possible w/ investments in the "best buys" such as nutrition, education, good hygiene, & low-cost services that have a high impact (vaccination programs & TB control)