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Health Disparities
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a type of difference in health that is closely liked w/ social or economic disadvantage
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Equity
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differences in health that are not only unnecessary & avoidable, but unfair & unjust
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Inequality
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differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups
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Equity, Inequality, & Health Disparities relate with:
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-health status
-access & coverage of health services
-protection from financial risks
-fairness of health financing
-distribution of health benefits
-access & coverage of health services
-protection from financial risks
-fairness of health financing
-distribution of health benefits
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Equity, Inequality, & health disparities vary with:
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-SES
-ethnicity
-gender
-religion
-location
-occupation
-social capacity
-ethnicity
-gender
-religion
-location
-occupation
-social capacity
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Common Patterns with Health Disparities
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less well-off people, with less social & political power, will generally have worse health, poorer services, & less fairness & protection for financing health
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Health Disparities Across Countries
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-enormous variation in basic indicators
-differences reflect status of economic development, inequitable relationships between countries, & political choices
-Life expectancy in OECD countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development) is 30% higher than in sub-Saharan Africa
-some countries have substantial variation in health indicators across population
-tend to be low-middle-income countries or high-income countries w/significant ethnic minorities
-differences reflect status of economic development, inequitable relationships between countries, & political choices
-Life expectancy in OECD countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development) is 30% higher than in sub-Saharan Africa
-some countries have substantial variation in health indicators across population
-tend to be low-middle-income countries or high-income countries w/significant ethnic minorities
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Health Disparities & Location
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-basic health indicators vary by location, with urban dwellers having better access to health services, coverage, & health status than rural dwellers
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Health Disparities & Income
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-large gap in access, coverage, fairness, & benefits between less well-off & better-off
-higher income is associated w/ better education, housing, water access, sanitation, hygiene, health services
-higher income is associated w/ better education, housing, water access, sanitation, hygiene, health services
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Health Disparities & Gender
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-"Being born female is dangerous to your health" especially in low income countries
-women are discriminated against (abortion & female infanticide)
-women are discriminated against (abortion & female infanticide)
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Health Disparities & Ethnicity
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-large gaps between Whites & Blacks in America
-Indigenous vs. Non indigenous people (most important in Central & South America)
-Indigenous vs. Non indigenous people (most important in Central & South America)
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Financial Fairness
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-All higher income countries have some type of mandatory & universal health insurance system to ensure that access to health services is not dependent on income
-the costs of these health services is much greater for the poor (equity issues)
-benefit of public subsidies are often received by better-off people
-the costs of these health services is much greater for the poor (equity issues)
-benefit of public subsidies are often received by better-off people
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Health Expenditure & Health Outcomes
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-most high-income countries cluster around an expenditure of 9-12 percent of their national income on health
-most low-income countries spend 3-6% of GDP & have lower life expectancies (Ghana)(Kenya)
-Important Outliers (Sri Lanka, Cuba) spend little, but achieve higher life expectancies
-most low-income countries spend 3-6% of GDP & have lower life expectancies (Ghana)(Kenya)
-Important Outliers (Sri Lanka, Cuba) spend little, but achieve higher life expectancies
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Public & Private Expenditure on Health
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-public expenditure is expenditure by any level of government of a government agency
(city, state, national)
-Private expenditure comes from sources like money that individuals spend on health
Out of Pocket Expenditure: expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program
(city, state, national)
-Private expenditure comes from sources like money that individuals spend on health
Out of Pocket Expenditure: expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program
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Health and Development
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-Good health economic development at the societal level
-Higher levels of economic development & better health, and improvements from education & technology
-low-and middle-income countries & policies they adopt
-Higher levels of economic development & better health, and improvements from education & technology
-low-and middle-income countries & policies they adopt
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