Global Health Chapter One

•The progress that has already been made
•The challenges that still remain
•That diseases are not limited by national boundaries
•That there are disparities among groups
•The health-development link
•The need for different actors to work together

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

"...the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment"
—C.E.A. Winslow, 1923

"...an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide."

•Determinants of health
•Key risk factors for different health conditions
•Global burden of disease
•Measurement of health status
•Importance of culture to health
•Demographic and epidemiologic transitions
•Organization and function of health systems
•Links among health, education, poverty, and equity

•Environmental health
•Nutrition
•Women's health and reproductive health
•Child and adolescent health
•Communicable diseases
•Noncommunicable diseases
•Injuries

•Low-income :$995 or less
•Lower middle-income :$996 to $3,895
•Upper middle-income :$3,896 to $12,055
•High-income : $12,056 or more

Based on gross national income per person

•Formulated in 2015
•17 SDGs
•Countries that signed pledged to meet goals by 2030
•All relate to health, whether directly or indirectly

•Strong links among health, human development, labor productivity, and economic development
•Health status determined by variety of factors
•Enormous progress in improving health status over last 50 years
•Much progress is the result of public hygiene, better water and sanitation, and better education
•Enormous disparities in health status and access to health services within and across countries
•Countries do not need to be high-income to enjoy good health status
•When considering health policy, one must ask, "if I only had $100 to spend, how should I spend it to achieve the maximum health gains for the key groups, at least cost?"
•Burden of disease is evolving in light of economic and social changes, aging populations, and scientific and technical progress
•Some issues can only be solved through cooperation
•Each of us should be concerned with the health of others for humanitarian, health, and security reasons
•People and communities have the ability to enhance their own health status
•Low-income countries should focus on "...burying old people, instead of young people, making the transition as fast as possible, and doing so at least cost"
•The health goals for all countries are to enable their people, at least cost and in fairly distributed ways, to enjoy the maximum possible health