-factors that influence health status the most
-indicators used to measure health status
-how global health data is collected & used
root causes
-natural environment (climate, water & food supply)
-macro issues (historical condition, economic & social policies, war, etc.)
-inequalities (distribution of wealth/employment/education, etc.)
underlying causes
-built environment (transportation, land use, city planning, etc.)
-social context (community policies & investments, quality of education, civic participation, etc.)
proximal causes
-material circumstances (income, living & working conditions, etc.)
-behavioral factors (physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, etc.)
-psychosocial factors (educational level, social participation, social support, etc.)
-determining the causes of morbidity, disability, and death
-carrying out disease surveillance
-making comparisons about health within and across countries
health status
risk factors
service coverage
health systems
mortality by age & sex, cause
morbidity & fertility
quality & safety of care, access, health workforce, health information, health financing, and health security
morbidity
temporary or long-term reduction in a person’s capacity to function
prevalence
ministry of health, national statistics office
report data to international agencies
centralize and manage estimates for global health data
counting people
data source
data source
civil: record marriages, divorces, adoptions, etc
vital: births, deaths, causes of death
health facility data
medical records
data source
create national estimates using representative household sampling
understand health of the country
data source
used continuously detect public health threats
used to report "public health emergencies of international concern"
reportable disease
notifiable conditions
data source
report ASAP
cholera, plague, anthrax
report over a given time period
measles, pneumonia, diarrhea
set priorities
measure progress
develop policies
evaluate programs
-too many indicators
-completeness in data
-quality of data
-sharing information
-logistical challenges
-ethics
record births, deaths, causes of deaths
many low/middle income countries lack strong vital registration system, may have cultural barriers
low registration of births and deaths
can be difficult to collect valid, reliable data amongst hard-to-reach groups (rural, undocumented migrants, the very poor)
missing data
measurement errors or inconsistencies
mistakes in data entry or transcription (paper to electronic, for example)
countries use different systems
paper-logs are difficult to share; poor data storage and retrieval
logistical challenges as a challenge
collecting, managing, using data is a complex process
human, financial, technological, infrastructure resources may be limited. Issues with timeliness of reporting.
protection of personal data
surveys require IRB approval
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