Global Health Exam

o Planet-about 4.5 billion years
o History of the planet- time line through geological eras (mineral composition and appearance of distinctive fossils)
o Helocene Epoch- about 11,500 years ago (last ice age) rapid growth of our species and development of modern civilizations
o The age of humans

o Relative New Concept
o Better Understanding of the complexities of our Globalized world, and its effects on the health of populations/communities
o Beyond national boarders
o In refers to scope problems, not their location
o Emphasis on infectious diseases, maternal health but also on chronic diseases, mental health, drug use

o Emerged in the 19th century as part of both social reform movements and the growth of biological and medical knowledge, and it is defined as
o Science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment
o Focus on population and causes of diseases rather than individuals and curing them
o PH also base their actions and decision making on data and evidence
o Health as a public good, and has it main goals of providing good health for all
o Aims to provide social justice and equity

o Evolved from the field of tropical diseases, which has also ties with colonialism
o Research and actions on the health of developing countries: work of missionaries and international health workers
o Main focuses are on infections and tropical diseases, water and sanitation, malnutrition, maternal and child health- which are very important topics to global health as well

· Mission
o Communicable diseases
o Non-communicable diseases
o Promoting health throughout life cycle
o Strengthening Health systems
o Preparedness, surveillance and response
· Hub of information and coordinated actions
· Work in conjunction to member states
· World Bank, UNAIDS, UNICEF
· Private partnerships- Melissa and Bill Gates foundation
· And other non-governmental institutions
· April 7th 1948

· They create rights and obligations for countries including the requirement to report public health events. The regulation also outlines the criteria to determine whether particular event
· 6 main notifiable diseases (smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, typhus, relapsing fever, and plagues)
· All risk approaches
· Allows NGOs participants à end of state monopoly
· More active surveillance increase collaboration between state and researchers and NGOs

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

· The use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by states, intergovernmental organizations, NOGs to deal with the challenges to health that require cross-boarder collective action to address effectively

· No Poverty
· No hunger
· Clean water and sanitation
· One cannot have good health and well-being if they are unable to drink safe drinking water or eat nourishing foods. It is difficult for quality education when kids in poverty cannot afford to go to school

· Death, especially on a large scale
· A state of being subject to death

· The state of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a disease or condition

· Development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations
· Economic development that does not deplete the natural environment, development projects that are feasible in the long term, especially in relation to social/cultural dynamics, economic well-being, and environmental health
Time is very important, against "nowism"

Within traditional medicine, a manner of understanding health such that it encompasses all aspects - physical, mental, social, and spiritual - of a persons life.

Do not exactly relate to modern medicine (prayer method of healing)

o American Indians have about twice as much diabetes than white Americans which means higher mortality

o Poverty economically and educationally
o Access to healthy food not available as easily

· Long history of poverty, inadequate access to health care, poor infrastructure and crowded housing, much of it the legacy of broken government promises and centuries of bigotry
· Discrimination and racism have been linked to the erosion of mental and physical health, as has exposure to polluted air and water

· The groups struggle with high rates of obesity as well as diabetes. Both conditions raise the odds of severe illness and death from covid
· The scarcity of running water in some communities make it harder for people to wash their hands to prevent the spread of the virus
· The underfunded Indian Health Service

· A climate related event or trend or their impact on geophysical systems (for example floods, droughts, and sea level rise) that is linked to GHG emissions

Diseases triggered by viruses, bacteria, animals, fungi, protozoans

Diseases that spread from animal to humans

· Nature and its vital contributions to people, which together embody biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services, are deteriorating worldwide
· Biodiversity- the diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems- is declining faster than at any given time

· Basic services that make life possible for people. Plants clean air and filter water, bacteria decompose waste

Biodiversity supports human and societal needs, including food and nutrition security, energy, development of medicines and pharmaceuticals and freshwater, which together underpin good health. It also supports economic opportunities, and leisure activities that contribute to overall wellbeing.

o "The use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by states, intergovernmental organizations, and nonstate actors to deal with challenges to health that require cross-boarder collective action to address effectively"

o IHR states to engage in more active disease surveillance. Instead of focusing entirely on entry and exit points, IHR envisions surveillance capabilities that can reach throughout a country's territory
o IHR transformed the global health governance system by reframing international obligations around surveillance and monitoring infectious diseases. A number of governments either have to greatly expand their existing disease surveillance efforts or implement brand new system.

o Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
o Current case of MERS shows that the global health governance system does not operate ideally. States still express reluctance to report new cases of new infectious diseases, and issues of virus sharing and intellectual property rights stymie research

o Life expectancy + indicators of health of a population/people/ community
o Patterns/trends- highly sensitive to political, social and economic conditions
o Example: 1990's collapse of the Soviet Union (de-industrialization, dismantled of social and safe net systems, devaluation of the ruble, financial crisis increase deaths and morbidity: TB, violence, alcohol and drug uses, chronic diseases: 5 years drop in life expectancy

o Diseases that have a constant presence in a region ex: cold/flu

Sudden outbreaks that occur when the tally of new cases exceeds what is expected

Exceed expected case levels as well as spread

Universalism- if I do it that way, everyone does it that way

o Modern Medicine
o "Progress" and efficient but EXPENSIVE
o State hospitals
§ Lack of infrastructure
§ Not treated respectful
Doctors and administrators seem as corrupts-selling medicine in their own private dispensaries

medicine for the poor
o Cheaper and more accessible
o Treated with respect/closer to home/ villages
o But longer treatment time- and may not be as efficient as western medicine

The spiritual healer
o Local/trusted person with supernatural powers
o "Able to understand the pain of the diseased person and offer solace"
o Essential to certain spiritual diseases
§ Rituals
§ Herbal Medicine
o Importance of belief

o Poverty
o Racism and discrimination
o Pollution and contamination of living areas
o Lack of access to health care
o Poor house conditions

the duty of all human beings to provide aid to those suffering injustices, and to address the structural problems that lead to these injustices

o They facilitate the contact between people and pathogen by moving people closer to pathogens
o Waterborne diseases caused by recreational or drinking water by disease-causing microbes or pathogens

§ They facilitate the contact between people and pathogen by moving people closer to pathogens
§ Heat waves- increasing recreational water-related activities; raising of waterborne diseases
Waterborne diseases caused by recreational or drinking water contaminated by disease-causing microbes or pathogens