Global Health Foundations Exam 2

Life Expectancy
Mortality, Morbidity, Disability
Composite Indicators

ideas are global, diseases are in motion, there are problems of scale- interventions can be mapped out as problems of scale and measurement to achieve health for all

eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence of the economy

are metrics evidence or politics?
-where is the room to question the physician- or to question biomedicine?
-we break down the person into just a number
-the importance of health communication
-science or data over truth

Quality-adjusted life years; weigh each year of life by perceived quality from 0 to 1
-1956: first used to quantify effects of medical intervention
-evaluates money value of a health intervention
-adds up health benefit in relation to cost benefit

what the QALY inspired
-assisted caregivers and health providers in deciding how to use resources to foster health (not save money)

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.
-created due to a crisis of data
-economic measure of human productive value
-emphasis on what a life loss is worth

being able to count what we are doing seems to matter more than ever

Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015
-3 goals

A universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN
member states are expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15
years.
-17 goals

YLL+YLD

undervalued diseases, extensive focus, overlooks, social costs, burdens of care, reliance on available data, extrapolation

a descriptive study that does not exhibit a great amount of control over variables

A research technique in which the two or more groups that are compared are selected based on predetermined characteristics, rather than random assignment

Randomized controlled trials; the participants are randomly assigned to the study groups
-considered the gold standard for helping to explain an effect
-numbers determine what projects are funded which is bad

a process of randomly assigning subjects to different treatment groups
-reduced variability in the outcomes being measured, increasing the precision of estimation

time consuming and expensive
-preference of ideas of universality and they can also limit what kinds of things can be done in the world of health interventions
-these conditions that cannot be experimentally measured become invisible to the funding apparatus of global health
-excluding care when deliverables are hard to measure
-medicalization

investment of more money and time as measured in "scalability"
-public-private alliances use these tactics and metrics turn moral questions into numbers

The most rapidly increasing component of manufactured goods is
-get good data and generate new products along the way

how states navigate politics of life and death through these metrics

CDC program where EIS officers are sent to handle disease outbreaks and other threats

"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

The aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person

the political, economic, and legal systems of a country

People with higher salary and higher job status had higher health status.

a specific type of health inequality that denotes an unjust difference in health

health and illness at the individual level
-health understood as absence of disease
-curative
-privilege technological fixes

health and illness as consequence of individual or household actions/beliefs
-regulation or change of personal conduct and cultural attitudes through education, counseling, incentives
-making largely individual choices

the study of the interactions between states or public actors and the market at domestic and international levels
-political, social, and cultural factors in which illness and disease arise
-health as a function of linked determinants
-solution is better policy, gender equity, wealth distribution

politics, economics, society, culture, inequality, and ecology

1. social class/world class status
2. state policies
3. community buffers (relative equality, cohesion, community mobilization)
4. family/kin buffers (material, instrumental, emotional support)
5. social status and class; control over living conditions
6. personal variables (psychological status and biological variables)
7. ecology and physical environment
8. population health outcomes; physical and psychological

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.
-NCD risk on the risk and CD/Injury risk decreasing

the combined effects on a population of more than one disease, the effects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence, or other stressful environmental factors
-biological, social, and psychological interaction of two or more diseases that overlap within a population
-social forces precipitate disease clustering

Substance abuse, violence, and AIDS. How these three are connected
Violence when an adolescent lead to diseases and conditions later in life
~HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis C, STDs, drug overdoses, and mental
illness.

are good determinants of health inequalities
-stress
-early life tramua/difficulty
-social exclusion
-work/unemployment
-social support
-addiction
-food
-transport

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

the long-term negative impact of the stress response on the body
-crucial to how we understand health
-disease control is key but so is social & economic development

an illustrative and symbolic representation that describes the multiple roles and social identities of African American women on the basis of historical referents and adaptive behaviors that fostered survival and resilience under oppressive circumstances.
-how do we go beyond an analytic description of intersectionality to understand these hierarchies
-African American women and poor birth outcomes
-represents a survival strategy by women for fostering the reproduction and continuity of the black community
-release of hormones by stress- can be triggered by pregnancy