question
Whereas global health focuses on issues that directly or indirectly affect health anywhere in the world, international health.
answer
.seeks to help people in countries other than one's own, particularly in low and middle income countries.
question
What is the most important differentiating factor between each story of Ana in the "Portraits of Health in Five Countries: the 20 year old daughter" box?
answer
Location in which she was born.
question
What strategy was used in India to help identify remaining smallpox cases during the vaccination campaign?
answer
A reward system in which the person who reported a previously unknown case would get monetary compensation.
question
Descriptive epidemiology looks for patterns by covering
answer
..time, place, and person.
question
A case is...
answer
...a person who has met a standard classification criteria for a disease or condition.
question
The people with the 1918 influenza had such unique symptoms that patients were sometimes misdiagnosed with malaria, typhoid, and cholera.
answer
True
question
What is the Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)?
answer
A group of health professionals that are sent to the heat of an outbreak to investigate its cause.
question
Who could be called the first "shoe-leather epidemiologist"?
answer
John Snow
question
According to the reading on HSW, which disease kills more young children each year than the other three diseases combined?
answer
Diarrhea
question
The ultimate disease is __________, which is the farthest a person can get from a state of health.
answer
Death
question
A disease that develops quickly, lasts a short amount of time (less than 3 months) is referred to as a/an ________ disease.
answer
Acute
question
According to the WHO, ________ is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
answer
Health
question
A disease that occurs at some constant or expected level in a population or community is a/an __________disease.
answer
Endemic
question
A word meaning the number of new cases in a region in a particular time period (typically 1 year).
answer
Incidence
question
Global health is a fairly recent field that developed in response to the spread of HIV as a collaborative effort to teach people in low income countries to use protection during sex.
answer
False
question
The impacts of poor sanitation, hygiene, and water quality affect the poor as well as the middle class and wealthy in any given society.
answer
True
question
Why is pursing all of the "whys" important in global health?
answer
The answers point to all of the complex causes of a particular global health problem.
question
According to standard definitions in global health, which of the following is a communicable disease?
answer
Rabies, because it is spread primarily by bites from animals
question
In comparing the ebola epidemic of 2014 and the influenza epidemic of 1918, which is NOT true?
answer
Ebola infection often resulted in death in the 2014 epidemic, whereas the 1918 influenza made people very ill but because it was only influenza few people actually died.
question
In contrast to global health, colonial medicine's ...
answer
paternalistic ideology focused on helping people in poor countries.
question
The primary reason(s) 20-year-old daughters living in India or Brazil or Liberia might each have very different life and health experiences:
answer
Different locations are associated with different levels of access to financial resources
question
Which of the following communicable diseases is most likely to disproportionately infect people who are poor today?
answer
Typhoid
question
Which major world-wide health achievement has occurred within the last fifty years?
answer
The eradication of smallpox.
question
What is the difference between public health and global health?
answer
Public health focuses on prevention of disease at the population level, global health focuses on ameliorating health inequities across levels.
question
Global Health is best defined as:
answer
A transdisciplinary field that brings people, skills, technologies and ideas together to understand and ameliorate the complex health problems of health inequity.
question
Neglected tropical diseases like leishmaniasis, dengue, trachoma and chagas, are all _________________ and are NTDs largely because ______________________.
answer
vector-borne; they are not common in high income countries and therefore have been neglected by scientists and pharmaceutical companies.
question
Communicable diseases are best defined as those that ...
answer
Are caused by an infectious agent and can be spread from person to person.
question
Which communicable disease kills the most children each year according to our readings?
answer
Diarrhea.
question
The presence of e-coli in water samples from Lusaka, Zambia is significant for those interested in communicable disease because...
answer
e-coli indicates presence of fecal matter, suggesting leakage between sewage and water systems and the possible presence of disease like cholera.
question
The first day of class, we discussed a scenario in which a person developed Typhoid. If you were a shoe-leather epidemiologist investigating a sudden number of cases of typhoid, which would be the most cost-effective strategy without causing broader social harm to quickly stop the spread of the disease?
answer
Interview every case of typhoid and create a 2x2 chart of all food they had eaten, find the commonalities between cases, and test that common source for typhoid.
question
Of the types of formal documents below, which would epidemiologists find useful to track and show the spread of disease?
answer
a map
question
In the simplest possible terms, when an epidemiologist is studying the distribution of health events, the epidemiologist...
answer
...counts, divides, and compares.
question
While investigating the SARS, if an EIS officer, compared people who caught SARS to people who didn't but lived in similar circumstances, what kind of this epidemiological tool would this officer be using?
answer
Using analytical epidemiology, this would be a case-control study.
question
The coronavirus vaccine serves as what kind of prevention?
answer
Primary and tertiary.
question
For someone ill with COVID-19, Advil to reduce fevers is what kind of epidemiologic prevention?
answer
Secondary prevention
question
Measles vaccinations are forms of _______ prevention because they ________________________.
answer
Primary; protect people from acquiring a disease.
question
Using a DALY measure is useful for what kinds of decisions?
answer
Because it estimates the impact of the disability associated with a particular disease and the overall burden of disease for a population, it can be used to direct resources for secondary prevention to the diseases that have the greatest impact on the functioning of a community.
question
A global health researcher wants to compare infant mortality in India, Russia, and the U.S. in 2019. In order to make this comparison the researcher must check the data to ensure...
answer
That the total number of infant deaths in each country in 2019 are converted into a rate, using the same unit size for all 3 countries
question
What tactic proved most effective in eradicating smallpox in hard to access regions?
answer
Identifying cases and then providing a targeted vaccination approach for those most at risk for exposure from that case.
question
The Farr dataset showing the strong relationship between elevation and cholera cases was used to support the hypothesis that ________________ and illustrates the problems with ___________________.
answer
cholera was an airborne disease; pre-existing assumptions influencing the interpretation of data.
question
Why is transdisciplinarity vital to global health work?
answer
Global health problems are so complex, to be thoroughly understood and addressed, they need teams of people from different disciplines working together.
question
HIV and AIDs are examples of communicable diseases associated with structural violence, and structural violence makes most sense when used to understand communicable diseases than other kinds of diseases.
answer
False
question
Structural violence is typically seen as beyond the scope of clinical medicine because...
answer
...their job is to treat the patient at hand and not make structural interventions
question
The concept of race is unable to explain the continuous, complex and ever-changing evidence of human biological variation
answer
True
question
What is wrong with sanitation interventions that are designed to make people feel bad about not cleaning themselves or their home?
answer
These shame based interventions can worsen the mental health of the most vulnerable.
question
How does depression impact the economy?
answer
When people are depressed, their productivity goes down, so they make less money, which hurts both their household income as well as, ultimately, the economy.
question
Recent studies have proven that campaigns that promote the idea that depression is a biological brain disorder as opposed to an attitude-based personal choice have effectively de-stigmatized the disease.
answer
false
question
What is NOT a social determinant of health?
answer
The Genetic Gradient
question
Absolute poverty, or what the World Bank calls extreme poverty, has a significant impact on average life expectancy.
answer
True
question
Sex and gender are two different things, both of which impact health and wellbeing.
answer
True
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the main attributes that design can contribute to global health?
answer
Asthetic appeal
question
The design process, which connects designing the right things with designing things right is particularly relevant for global health because...
answer
...it involves ensuring that interventions or suggested solutions actually meet the real needs and fit the lives of people who are supposed to benefit from it.
question
What are two common goals shared by design and global health?
answer
Both are human-centered and outcomes driven.
question
Which of the below is NOT a reason that maternal deaths are challenging to count?
answer
Women only die in hospitals after complications.
question
According to the article, in order to be successful at improving health outcomes for mothers, what is the most crucial element that must be present?
answer
Trust
question
Anthropological fieldwork is useful to understand...
answer
...local perspectives and processes that can explain why events happen.
question
An inverted demographic pyramid as indicated by _________ suggests that a shrinking younger population will need to support an expanding aging population.
answer
Germany
question
According to the reading, a universal model for a welfare state to support aging adults would not work because cultural values including family systems and expectations vary substantially across countries.
answer
True
question
Positive trends in longevity are a key contributor to the proportion of adults over the age of 65 in a society.
answer
True
question
What is not a kind of malnutrition?
answer
Micronutrient malnutrition
question
Why is endemic malnutrition more serious than epidemic malnutrition?
answer
Endemic malnutrition is characterized by "wasting" children that look like skeletons; they must be fed with high energy food or they will die.
question
What is an obesogenic environment?
answer
A society where calorie dense foods are easily available and demands for physical activity are low.
question
Given all of the data on how smoking has significant negative impacts on health, why do young people still smoke according to Richard Doll?
answer
Young people behave a bit recklessly.
question
As a result of the scientific data on the negative health outcomes of smoking as well as the legal cases against smoking, the tobacco industry...
answer
Shifted their marketing and product distribution to low and middle income countries like Indonesia.
question
Causation in non-communicable disease is often more complicated than for communicable disease, but Richard Doll's work demonstrated that epidemiology can be just as important in understanding causation in NCDs as in describing disease spread in CDs.
answer
True
question
The basic difference between CDs and NCDs is...
answer
CDs are communicable and NCDs are not.
question
How can lack of water be associated with stigma?
answer
Having a dirty home and poorly groomed children due to lack of water is a source of shame.
question
Why does Dr. Hay call maternal and infant mortality rates weathervane statistics?
Correct!
Correct!
answer
Because they are signals that point to the overall health and wellbeing of the population.
question
What are the three variables that affect the age structure of a community?
answer
Fertility, life expectancy, migration
question
What is the relationship between food insecurity and hunger?
answer
Food insecurity is short term inconsistent access to sufficient healthy foods to meet daily needs and hunger is the long term lack of access to sufficient nutrition to meet daily needs.
question
Foucault's notion of biopower is useful in understanding...
answer
The actions of a government to monitor and control populations and individuals
question
What general idea that we have emphasized in global health is also key to design thinking?
answer
The need for input and strategies from interdisciplinary fields.
question
Which noncommunicable disease is the leading cause of death worldwide?
answer
Ischemic Heart Disease
question
In global mental health, a major criticism of the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) highlighted in the Patel reading and in Dr Raval's talk is ....?
answer
The DSM focuses on the medicalization of categories, detailing the biological factors salient to and grounded in Western medicine context rather than considering the variable ways in which mental suffering may be socially and culturally experienced in a non-Western context.
question
Why can factors of resilience make a difference in global health?
answer
Factors of resiliences can contribute positively to an individual's or a society's ability to surmount barriers and/or withstand harms.
question
What sort of relationship exists between childhood nutrition and national economic wealth?
answer
A cyclic relationship in which improvement in one often leads to improvement in the other.
question
Globally over 50 million people die each year. The majority of those deaths are caused by..
answer
Non-communicable disease (e.g. diabetes, heart disease)
question
Because aging is a biological process, in terms of global health, we can expect that...
answer
the health needs of aging people differ based both on the cultural and demographic realities as well as the economic status of a given country.
question
Dollar street contributes to understandings in global health because...
answer
It offers a way of recognizing the economic diversity within countries and the similarities of resources for wellbeing across countries and within income brackets.
question
The amount of money a country spends on healthcare is a good predictor of basic health measures like life expectancy and maternal mortality.
answer
false
question
Which of the social theories best explains the local understandings of why Inaq Hin died in Dr. Hay's article?
answer
Social construction of reality
question
Recovery housing for people with substance use disorder could be seen as a form of...
Correct!
Correct!
answer
Structural resilience
question
Why is it important to have transdisciplinary teams for any global health problem solving?
answer
Global health problems are too complex to be thoroughly understood and addressed by one discipline.
question
What is the primary cause of hunger and malnutrition?
answer
Poverty.
question
What is the most important consideration in using design thinking principles to solve problems, especially if those problems are in global health?
answer
Remembering that humans are at the center of any good design solution.
question
One effective and ethical way to build mental health infrastructure is task sharing. What does task shifting mean?
answer
Paid community members trained in basic cognitive behavioral therapy under a single psychiatrist serve as the first line of intervention for individuals experiencing common mental health issues.
question
In Peace Corp, with its requirement of immersion in the community, can avoid the well-intentioned but often harmful consequences of so-called "development" projects by....
answer
showing up/being present, making one's self useful which leads to trust, and insuring sustainability by working yourself out of a job.
question
High ACE (Adverse Childhood Events) scores are common among those seeking treatment for substance use disorders. This association could be best explained by the social theory of ___________________.
answer
Structural violence
question
The "U-shaped" curve of wellbeing highlights that....
answer
the stereotype of aging adults as associated with sadness and loneliness is a myth.
question
What is NOT a chronic stressor that could contribute to one's likelihood of developing a non-communicable disease?
answer
Genetics
question
How can lack of water be associated with stigma and mental distress?
answer
Having a dirty home and poorly groomed children due to lack of water is a source of shame.
question
What are the key building blocks of a health system?
answer
Leadership/governance, financing, a health workforce, medical products and technologies, information, research, and service delivery.
question
What is brain drain and why is it relevant for Malawian medical students and young doctors?
answer
Health care providers leaving low income countries to work in high income countries because of medical infrastructural inequities, exhaustion, and perception of better pay and support elsewhere.
question
The fake vaccination campaign that was part of the CIA's tactic to find Osama Bin Laden is at least partially to blame for the repeated murder of Lady Health Workers who vaccinate for polio in Pakistan. This is an example of which social theory?
answer
Unintended consequences of purposeful social action
question
Active, sustained collaboration among the international, federal, and local scales is necessary to address the challenges associated with our changing climate.
Correct!
Correct!
answer
True
question
One of the results of the crisis in Flint was the emergence of citizen scientists who began testing their own water in order to protect their children.
answer
True
question
What was the neurotoxin that contaminated the water in Flint, Michigan?
answer
Lead
question
PlayPump International was effective because the company made sure to___________.
answer
None of the others; PlayPump International was an international development failure.
question
What happened to Dertu when the Millenium Villages Project was initiated?
Correct Answer
Correct Answer
answer
The project became the only source of employment, benefits, and public services.
question
What is the "Big Idea" that Hobbes criticizes?
answer
The idea that a "correct" solution exists that can be unfurled on the entire developing world.
question
According to the "Right to health", individuals have the right to be healthy.
You Answered
You Answered
answer
False
question
The United Nations only expects the "Right to health" to be recognized and implemented in high-income countries that have extensive healthcare infrastructures and social programs.
answer
False
question
According to the reading, women in Cairo consider female circumcision...
answer
a desirable bodily modification that enhances beauty, pride, and an integral part of being a woman.
question
What is the fallacy of the empty vessel?
answer
The incorrect assumption that people in other societies do not have any health knowledge and are waiting to be filled with knowledge provided by wealthy or well-educated outsiders.
question
What is not true about education according to the reading?
answer
Scientific facts reliably convince people to change their behavior
question
Which of the following is the main purpose of participatory theater also known as theater for development?
answer
It gives participants experience in walking through solutions for structural problems to come up with locally workable solutions.
question
The "rough and ready" field values that legitimated at least for some the violation of human rights for the greater good, Greenough suggests has its roots in a paternalistic tradition in the North of coercive vaccination.
answer
True. Historical practices need to be understood and examined so that their assumptions are not unthinkingly applied to address current problems.
question
Which social theory best explains the violence involved in the smallpox eradication campaign as described by Greenough?
answer
Authority and bureaucracy
question
What effect could the coercion tactics used in the smallpox eradication campaign have on future vaccination efforts?
Correct!
Correct!
answer
It could leave residual resentment or distrust and create negative attitudes towards vaccinations.
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