GLOBAL HEALTH TEST 1

-1948: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

-2009: health as an adaptation, not a fixed entity

Global health:
-multidisciplinary approach to health
-focuses on transnational health challenges
-concerned with social determinants of health across the globe
-incorporates individual health care and preventive public health programming

International health:
-focuses on public issues in developing world

Book of Leviticus
-oldest set of guidelines regarding personal health (cleanliness, sexual health behaviors)


Code of Hammurabi
-oldest set of laws regarding health (required prescription records, document disease)



Community Sanitation
-greek times
-toilets
-goddess of sanitation: Hygiega

Epidemiologic
-shift from infectious/acute diseases to chronic disease

Nutrition
-shift from under to over nutrition

Demographic
-shift from lower birth and death rates
-fertility transition to reduction of birth rates

Risk Factors
-an exposure or characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease
-correlation does NOT equal causation- factors are needed for causation

Unmodifiable Risk Factors- age, race/ethnicity, genetics

Modifiable Risk Factors- behavioral risk factors

Levels of Prevention
-primary: prevention
-secondary: early diagnosis
-tertiary: treatment and rehabilitation

Millennium Development Goals
-rich countries help poor countries
-192 countries, 23 international organizations
-8 goals in 15 years

Goals:
-eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
-achieve universal primary education
-promote gender equality and empower women
-reduce child mortality
-improve maternal health
-combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
-ensure environmental stability
-global partnership for development

Sustainable Development Goals
-apply to all countries of varying development and wealth
-17 goals

-No poverty
-Zero hunger
-Good health and well-being
-Quality education
-Gender equality
-Clean water and sanitation
-Affordable and clean energy
-Decent work and economic growth
-Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
-Reduced inequalities
-Sustainable cities and communities
-Responsible consumption and production
-Climate action
-Life below water
-Life on land
-Peace, justice, and strong institutions
-Partnerships for the goals

Health Metrics

-birth rates: births per year per 1000 people in the total population

-death rates: deaths per year per 1000 people in the total population

-causes of death (mortality)
>life expectancy at birth: median expected age at death of all babies born alive (usually includes some child/young adult deaths and many death of older adults)
>healthy life expectancy: the number of years the average person born into a population can expect to live without disability

-morbidity
>incidence: new cases of disease
>prevalence: total number of cases of disease
>burden of disease: estimate of the impact of disease, disability, and premature death on a population

-causes of disease (morbidity) and mortality
-risk factor rates

social determinants: socioeconomic status conditions that influence health status and access to health and access to health services

Place of residence
Race (ethnicity)
Occupation
Gender
Religion
Education
Social capital (neighborhood, community, family support)
Socioeconomic position (wealth, income)

PLUS- age, disability, sexual orientation, other vulnerable groups

GDP: gross domestic product
-total amount of goods and services produced in a nation

GNI: gross national income
-total income from the selling of goods and services produced in the country

GNP: gross national product
-total amount of goods and services produced by a country both domestic and abroad

PPP: purchasing power parity
-how much can be purchased in each country with a given amount of $

don't take into account: sustainably, unpaid labor, distribution of wealth, quality of life

-income inequality has detrimental health consequences
-GINI coefficient: measures absolute and relative income

health inequality
-differences in health experience and health status
-reported as innate biological differences

health inequity
-health differences that are a function of social, political, and economic environments

-women are sicker but men die quicker
-women have higher rates of morbidity but they report more, men are less likely to look for care
-men healthier when married
-both genders suffer from morbidity with previous marriages
-age/race/wealth also play a role
-age obviously increases morbidity

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

cultural approach to illness
-mechanic: looks at dysfunction/breakdown of human body, need a tune up
-moral: looking at health as result of clean living and disease as a result from sin
-supernatural: illness is a demonic possession- seeing anger from god/gods
-disequilibrium: disease is caused by imbalance

1. culture is related to health behavior (hygiene, food)
2. culture is important determinant to peoples perceptions of illness
3. culture influences health service utilization
4. culture influences health and medical treatmen

Ritzer
-globalization of nothing
1. we go from unique to generic- hometown restaurant vs fast food chain
2. local ties to lack of local ties- local based to international or global
3. temporally specific to timeless- something rooted in time to timeless (disney world)
4. humanized to dehumanized- think online banking or amazon stores
5. enchanted to disenchanted- eating (fun and meaningful or just providing nutrients)

Giddens
-runaway world (book): manufactured risk, detraditionalisation
-argues capitalism is global force
-manufactured risk: how we live our lives creates additional risk for us
-detraditionalisation: move away from traditional ideas as we get more global
-institutions are no longer available to give us clear defined norms and values