question
health
answer
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
question
disease
answer
biological or physical malady affecting the body
question
illness
answer
perception of dysfunction by the afflicted individual
question
sickness
answer
social acknowledgment of impairment of affliction
question
relationships between health, disease and sickness are not unidirectional
answer
disease without illness (hypertension)
illness without disease
(hypochondriac)
illness without sickness
(headache)
illness without disease
(hypochondriac)
illness without sickness
(headache)
question
factors that cause disease
answer
- germs
- genetics
- lifestyle
- multifactorial disease causation (epigenetic or environmental factors)
- genetics
- lifestyle
- multifactorial disease causation (epigenetic or environmental factors)
question
Koch's postulates + what does it ignore
answer
- germs present intones w disease and absent in those without
- germs can be isolated/cultured from those w disease
- germs cause diseases when introduced into healthy host
- German can be re-isolated from newly-diseased host
ignores social context and genetic origins of diseases
- germs can be isolated/cultured from those w disease
- germs cause diseases when introduced into healthy host
- German can be re-isolated from newly-diseased host
ignores social context and genetic origins of diseases
question
Lister's ideas about germs
answer
- sepsis caused by dust contaminating surgical wounds
- antiseptic conditions should prevent wound infections
- antiseptic conditions should prevent wound infections
question
Pasteur's discoveries about germs
answer
- germ theory of disease
- principles of microbial fermentation and sterilization
- heat treatment for milk and wine
- principles of microbial fermentation and sterilization
- heat treatment for milk and wine
question
responsibility of disease: genetic theories vs. lifestyle theories
answer
responsibility of disease is bc of genetics and environment
behaviourally driven
behaviourally driven
question
multifactorial disease causation
answer
having a specific gene raises risk of disease but not completely deterministic (environmental trigger needed)
question
components that influence well-being
answer
- learning
- financial security
- social participation
- work
- leisure
- housing
- health
- security
- environment
- family life
- financial security
- social participation
- work
- leisure
- housing
- health
- security
- environment
- family life
question
population
answer
group of individual with shared characteristics (can be geographically or politically defined, but doesn't need to be)
question
population health
answer
the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
question
epidemiology
answer
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations
question
epidemiology: distribution + determinants
answer
distribution: descriptive epidemiology, how specific health outcomes are dispersed/patterned across a population (essential for developing hypotheses abt etiology of disease)
determinants: focus of analytical epidemiology, anything that influences state of health in indiv or distribution of health in population
determinants: focus of analytical epidemiology, anything that influences state of health in indiv or distribution of health in population
question
fundamental assumptions of disease
answer
- diseases distribute in relation to factors that determine health for individuals in population
- factors that determine health status can be identified by studying distribution of health outcome in populations
- factors that determine health status can be identified by studying distribution of health outcome in populations
question
determinants of health + examples
answer
the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
- income and social status
- education and literacy
- gender
- culture
- access to health services
- healthy behaviours
- childhood experiences
- etc.
- income and social status
- education and literacy
- gender
- culture
- access to health services
- healthy behaviours
- childhood experiences
- etc.
question
modelling the determinants of health: Dahlgren & Whitehead Model
answer
1. age, sex and constitutional factors
2. individual lifestyle factors
3. social and community networks
4. living and working conditions
5. general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
2. individual lifestyle factors
3. social and community networks
4. living and working conditions
5. general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
question
1. age, sex and constitutional factors
answer
factors closest to person (personal and biological features)
- sex and genes can contribute to susceptibility to specific disease
- sex and genes can contribute to susceptibility to specific disease
question
2. individual lifestyle factors
answer
factors associated with individual's health practices and behaviours
- not always associated w individual's freedom (can be influenced by family, community or more)
- not always associated w individual's freedom (can be influenced by family, community or more)
question
3. social and community networks
answer
how much social support individual receives from peer, family members and other in community
- stronger support = better health
- being able to express one's culture is important for individual health
- stronger support = better health
- being able to express one's culture is important for individual health
question
4. living and working conditions
answer
education system, work environment, housing/health care services and access to water, sanitation services and for production
question
5. general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
answer
broad/distal factors that influence health in direct/indirect ways
- climate change
- poverty level
- climate change
- poverty level
question
social determinant of health
answer
specific group of social and economic factors within broader determinant of health that influence health outcomes
question
physical determinants of health
answer
factors in the physical environment which affect health risk and health outcomes
question
social and physical determinants of health factors
answer
- psychosocial
- biological
- environmental
- health policy effects
- individual behaviours
- biological
- environmental
- health policy effects
- individual behaviours
question
determinants of health include
answer
root causes, underlying causes, proximal causes
question
root cause
answer
broader factors in natural environment, macro-environment and population level inequalities
question
underlying cause
answer
aspects of built environment and social context that might influence health as medium range
question
proximal causes
answer
factors that are closer to individual
question
risk factors + different types
answer
increases individuals risk of negative health outcome
- intrinsic (biological, non-modifiable)
- disease-related
- behavioural
- physical environment
- social environment
- intrinsic (biological, non-modifiable)
- disease-related
- behavioural
- physical environment
- social environment
question
risk factors with highest mortality rate
answer
- high blood pressure
- smoking
- air pollution
- high blood sugar
- obesity
- smoking
- air pollution
- high blood sugar
- obesity
question
risk transition in relation to societal development
answer
traditional risks
- undernutrition, indoor air pollution, water sanitation and hygiene
modern risks
- tobacco
- obesity and physical inactivity
- urban air quality, road traffic safety, occupational risks
- undernutrition, indoor air pollution, water sanitation and hygiene
modern risks
- tobacco
- obesity and physical inactivity
- urban air quality, road traffic safety, occupational risks
question
health status indicators + why they are critical
answer
specific ways to measure health status
1. determine causes of illness, disability, and death
2. carry out disease surveillance
3. make comparisons about health within and across countries
1. determine causes of illness, disability, and death
2. carry out disease surveillance
3. make comparisons about health within and across countries
question
commonly used health status indicators
answer
- life expectancy at birth
- neonatal mortality rate (under 28 days)
- infant mortality ratem (under 1 year)
- under-5 mortality rate
- maternal mortality rate (during pregnancy/childbirth)
- neonatal mortality rate (under 28 days)
- infant mortality ratem (under 1 year)
- under-5 mortality rate
- maternal mortality rate (during pregnancy/childbirth)
question
how to measure population health
answer
vital statistics (births and deaths) and mortality
question
health disparities + patterns affecting it
answer
a type of difference in health that is closely linked w social or economic disadvantage
- income
- variation in health indicators
- income
- variation in health indicators
question
health inequity
answer
a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust
question
health inequality vs health inequity
answer
inequality = equal shares (doesn't address health differences bc everyone has different starting points)
inequity = fair shares (more or less depending on needs)
inequity = fair shares (more or less depending on needs)