GLPH 271

1. Communicable Disease (+Neonatal, Maternal & Nutritional Disorders)
2. Nom-Communicable Disease
3. Injuries

- 2/10 deaths globally
- Occur more in poorer populations because they
have inadequate access to healthcare
- Can be spread from individuals (typically -
viruses, bacteria and parasites cause it)
- HIV, Malaria

- Cannot really be spread (ie. stroke, heart attack,
etc.)
- 6/10 deaths occur globally
- Rate for these diseases is increasing everywhere
- CV diseases and cancers

- Suicide, war injuries, road accidents, etc.
- Higher in males (1/8) whereas females (1/14)

Show patterns of a disease overtime

LARGER BURDEN = DARKER AREA = LARGER DALY

Trends are divided by age, sex and country

Red - Communicative
Blue - Non-Communicative
Green - Injury

Spread from individual to individual
- Airborne particles, viruses, parasites, animals,
bodily fluids

The global rate of death is estimated at 20%
- 50% in low socio-demographic index
- 5% in high SDI regions

1. HIV
2. Malaria
3. Tb

- Root causes vary based on the populations

What Happens?
- Destroys helper T Cells and causes AIDS

Spread?
- Bodily Fluids

Treatment?
- Cannot Cure
- Treat with Antiretroviral Therapy to prolong life

Prevent?
- CONDOMS

How many people have died?
- 39 million death
- 3.2 million are children

What?
- Bacterium

How many affected?
- 1/3 of the worlds population BUT only a small
amount (5-10%) of individuals affected actually
develop active Tb

Treatment?
- Antibiotics

Problem?
- Drug resistance develops (major health
problem)
- Non-compliance with taking medications makes
worse

What?
- Parasite (Plasmodium Falciparum)

Facts?
- More prevalent BUT less deadly than HIV

Treatment?
- Is curable using anti- malarial drugs
- Prevent with nets and sprays

1. Iron Deficiency
2. Protein Energy Malnutrition

- Most common worldwide
- Anemia affects many - has impaired
developmental effects
- Rarely fatal
- Major effects on the economy

- Severe calorie OR protein deficiency
- Prevalent in children (especially after breast
feeding)
- Impairs development

Health of a women during pregnancy, breast feeding & labour

Impacts Kids
- Low birth weight, poor nutrition

Motherless Children (ie. Mom dies?)
- Less likely to get an education
- More likely to die

Accounts for the first 28 days of life
- 40% of child deaths occur during this short time

Main Causes
- Preterm Births
- Infections (Sepsis)
- Birth Asphyxia (Strangulation)

Interventions
- Prenatal Visits
- Emergency Care
- Post-natal care
- Skilled Birth Attendees

- Not spread from person to person
- Although some behaviours that lead to them
can be thought of as contagious
- 63% of DALY's

1. CV
2. Cancer
3. Mental Illness

What is it?
- Ischemia, Stroke, Heart Attack, HBP, etc.

PREVALENCE?
- Has increased worldwide due to longer
life and poor lifestyle changes (ie. diet, alcohol,
etc.)

WHERE?
- Most deaths in low-mid class due to lower S.E.S
- Still more prevalent in high class though

INTERVENTIONS
- Increase education and awareness of healthy
lifestyle
- Drugs - exist but are expensive, want to make
them more generic and no-name brands

- 2nd highest cause of death worldwide
- All types (except Hodgin Lymph) have seen an
increase in both incidence and prevalence
worldwide

WHY RATES INCREASE
- Increase in population
- Aging population
- Cancer rate is increasing (ie. see more because
each type is also increasing)

HOW TO PREVENT
- Educate on the risks
- Reduce sun exposure
- Vaccinate (HPV and HBV)
- Reduce occupational hazards

FACTS
- 20% of children/ adolescents are affected
- Substance abuse is the leading cause of
disability in the world
- 5th DALY in the world

MENTAL HEALTH ACTION PLAN
1. Strengthen Leadership for Mental Health
2. Comprehensive and Responsive Services
3. Promote Prevention Plans
4. Strengthen Research, Information Systems and
Evidence

The first global burden of disease had 9 causes of injuries and the second one had 28 causes

10%, the DALY has actually decreased

1. Self Harm/ Suicide
2. Road Injuries
3. Falls
4. Violence

The rates of particular injuries tend to decrease by the geographic area (ie. Eastern Europe - males are high for self harm)

- 800, 000 suicides per year
- 2nd leading cause of death in youth

Low to middle income countries (75%)

Marginalized Populations
- LGBTQ, Refugees, Migrants, Indigenous, etc.

1. Reduce stigma and misinformation relating to
suicide
2. Reduce access to means (ie. guns)
3. Responsible media reporting
4. Alcohol policies - reduce the harmful use of
alcohol

1. MDG (Millenium Development Goals - 8)
2. SDG (Sustainable Development Goals - 17)

MDGs were created in 2000 and achieved upgraded to the SDGs in 2015

1. Gender Equality
2. Combat the Big 3
3. Decrease Childhood Mortality
4. Ensure environmental sustainability
5. Improve maternal health
6. Universal primary education
7. Global Development Partnerships

1. Increase enrolment rates in primary schools
2. Decreased under 5 childhood mortality
3. Increase the # of girls attending school
4. Decline in the number of individuals living in
poverty
5. Decrease in incidence of HIV infections
6. Maternal Mortality rate has dropped
7. Ozone depleting substances have been 98%
eliminated

1. Gender inequality (discrimination of women still
exists)
2. Gap between the rich and the poor (ie. rural
and urban)
3. Conflict is still the biggest issue to human
development
4. Climate change affects the poor

2015-2013 (Hopefully will be reached by 2030)

1. No poverty/hunger
2. Good Health
3. Quality Education
4. Gender Equality
5. Clean water & Sanitation
6. Innovation and Infrastructure
7. Good Jobs and Economic Growth
8. Reduced Inequalities
9. Sustainable Cities
10. Responsible Consumptions
11. Protect the Planets (Land & Water)
12. Peace and Justice
13. Partnership for the Goals

Increase Collaboration

Provide information on the status of global health

Allows to spread scientific data in order to inform awareness about the status of global health

Health inequities experienced between the richest and the poorest populations

Because of the Social Determinants of Health
- Shaped by social, political and economic forces
- These affect the way people live and therefore
their chance of illness

As wealth increases so does health (stepwise fashion)
- Global phenomenon noted within and between
countries
- Poorest of the poor have the worst health

Shows us how economic disparities influence health

Greater Life Expectancy

Commission on the SDH according to the closing gap report

1. SDH impact health of individuals and
populations
2. Health should not be looked at medically but
socially and address social changes and
economic conditions that will effect health

1. Improve Daily Living Conditions
2. Address Inequalities in division of power,
money and resources
3. Measure and understand the problem and
assess the impact

1. Equity from the start
2. Healthy places and healthy people
3. Fair employment and healthy work
4. Social protection throughout life
5. Universal healthcare

Through effective health policy

Work and Home Environment which we are found in

1. Shelter
2. Sanitation
3. Clean Water

- Areas of overcrowding
- Increase in the spread of communicable
diseases, injuries and violence

Increases in climate change and pollution

Lack of clean water, lack of sanitation, poorly ventilated housing, overcrowding populations, no clean blood

Pollution & stress- related issues

1. Fair Work and Healthy Employment
2. Social Security Throughout Life
3. Healthy Homes
4. Early Childhood Health and Development
5. Universal Healthcare Policy

Positive: Good social status, good self esteem, social and financial security, lack of physical and psychological illness

Negative: Increases physical and psychological illness and health and stress (50% were seen to have CAD)

Job Security: SDH - the probability that one will keep their job - having security helps to reduce emotional stress etc.

- Social support to aid with diseases, illness, loss of job etc.
- 20% of people have this
- Would greatly improve population health

BARRIERS
- Limited institutional infrastructure and financial capacity when trying to implement social security globally

Unsafe, unaffordable or insecure housing is not good for health

In the first 8 years of life - children have large neurological and psychological development. With poor health, children typically do not have full development.

Intervening early has effect on childhood development (studies have shown this)

Human Right!
- Everyone should be covered for healthcare
- Healthcare is a human right BUT it is unequal
across countries

Tackle the inequity in power, money and resources

Government factors including finances, housing and education

Policies across departments must be aligned in their goal to produce health equity
- Cannot recommend having a healthy diet BUT encourage the production of junk food

Aligning the health policies across government departments and sectors to promote health equity

This allows several factors to promote the policies for public health

The market

1. Social Goods should be governed by the Public
Sector
2. Enforce Legislation that promotes gender
equity
3. Promote Political Empowerment

Commercialization of health, education can produce a health inequity
- To eliminate we can advertise in the public
sector
- Public sector must assess on a national/
international scale

Women have less resources, less income and entitlements compared to me

How can we empower women?
- Legislation that promotes equality
- Discrimination of gender = illegal
- Formal education for girls
- Increase investment in female sexual and
reproductive health
- Pay equity

Having a political say helps to provide individuals with autonomy and provides them with a voice
- Disadvantaged have the least amount of power
and this creates a health inequity
- Health inequity = unfair distribution in societal
power and resources


HOW TO IMPROVE?
Top Down: States will work to improve a complete set of rights for all citizens

Bottom Up Down/ Grassroots: Approaches created by disorganization of disadvantaged groups

Need to continuously measure health problems and solutions to design effective, targeted interventions

Barriers and Enablers

Understood obstacles that harm the feasibility of policies or interventions

Factors or resources that can be leveraged to increase the feasibility/ effectiveness of health policies or interventions