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longer and healthier
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Some people have _______ and _____ lives and some DO NOT.
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social; race, ethnicity, gender, location, and socioeconomic status (their are many factors involved to determine how healthy one will be)
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The differences in the length and health of people's lives is closely associates with _________ characteristics. Give examples of these.
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health inequalities; political
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Knowledge and understanding of _____________ has INCREASED as the ________ desire to reduce or eliminate them.
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-achieve health equity
-eliminate disparities
-improve the health of all groups
-eliminate disparities
-improve the health of all groups
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What was the goal of Healthy People 2020?
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the absence of disease
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Narrow definitions of "health" focus on _________________.
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happiness, freedom from disability, quality of life, and the capacity to lead a socially meaningful and economically productive life (health is difficult to measure because some of these factors are more ABSTRACT and subjective)
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However, more expansive definitions of "health" may include what?
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F (There are MANY ways to assess heath status)
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T/F there are NOT many ways to assess health status.
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-mortality
-survival
-life expectancy
-disease incidence
-disease prevalence
-survival
-life expectancy
-disease incidence
-disease prevalence
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What are the most common health indications?
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composite; DALY and QALY
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_______ measures can also be used to compare different health conditions. what are examples of these?
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-physiological indicators of overall health
-health status
-a sense of well-being
-social connectedness and well-being
-health status
-a sense of well-being
-social connectedness and well-being
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What are examples of more expansive measures of health status?
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differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups (ex: differences in mortality rates between people from different social classes)
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How does WHO define health inequalities?
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biological variations; free choice; external environment; outside the control
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Some health inequalities are attributable to ________________ or __________ and others are attributable to the ________________ and conditions mainly ___________ of the individuals.
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-rates of diagnosis
-treatment
-cost
-insurance coverage
-quality
-survival
-symptom reduction
-etc.
-treatment
-cost
-insurance coverage
-quality
-survival
-symptom reduction
-etc.
answer
Discussions of health inequalities may also utilize measures of health care, which include what measures?
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unnecessary and avoidable; unjust and unfair; inequity in health
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As discussed, some health inequalities are attributable to the external environment and conditions mainly outside the control of the individual. This uneven distribution may be _________ and _________ as well as _______ and _______, so that the resulting health inequalities also lead to _________.
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justice, fairness, and distribution of resources
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To determine health inequities, it requires moral judgement regarding what?
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health inequities
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______________= social injustices
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health inequity
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_________ is a normative term that refers to a difference that is judged to be morally unacceptable.
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T
answer
T/F
While all health inequities are by definition health inequalities, not all health inequalities are health inequities.
While all health inequities are by definition health inequalities, not all health inequalities are health inequities.
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DIFFERENT; RELATED
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Health inequality is ______ than health inequity, BUT THEY ARE _______!
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health inequalities
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ALL health inequities are by definition __________.
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NO
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Are all health inequalities automatically health inequities?
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Rawls' difference principle
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What principle is used when addressing health inequities?
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population
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The Rawl's Difference Principle uses a _______ approach.
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social justice; DISPROPORTIONATELY SUFFERED
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The Rawl's Difference Principle suggest that _____ can indicate that a given population has ____________ from international, military, and economic exploitation, inequitable distribution of economic resources, or historical patterns of race-based economic and social injustice
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causes and consequences; specific populations
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A common way to address the concerns of health inequity focuses on the ________________ of a given health inequality, RATHER THAN LOOKING AT THE ____________.
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-it is systematic
-it is avoidable
-it is unjust
-it is avoidable
-it is unjust
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A Health Inequality is inequitable if what three criterion are met?
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it consistently affects 2 or more populations and IS NOT the result of random variation
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Describe a SYSTEMATIC health inequality.
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AVOIDABILITY
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_____ has SEVERAL COMPONENTS IN REGARDS TO HEALTH INEQUITIES.
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-health inequities must be TECHNICALLY AVOIDABLE; a successful means of reducing the inequality must exist.
-they must be FINANCIALLY AVOIDABLE; sufficient resources exist to rectify the inequality.
-they must be MORALLY AVOIDABLE rectifying the inequality must not violate some other social value, such as liberty or distributive justice (fix issues without singling people out or targeting them)
-they must be FINANCIALLY AVOIDABLE; sufficient resources exist to rectify the inequality.
-they must be MORALLY AVOIDABLE rectifying the inequality must not violate some other social value, such as liberty or distributive justice (fix issues without singling people out or targeting them)
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EXPLAIN the 3 different components of avoidability that must exist for it to be a health inequity?
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-health-damaging behavior where the degree of choice of lifestyles is severely restricted.
-exposure to unhealthy, stressful living and working conditions.
-inadequate access to essential health and other public services.
-exposure to unhealthy, stressful living and working conditions.
-inadequate access to essential health and other public services.
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The unjust cause of a health inequity can include what?
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-the degree to which many high risk health behaviors are "freely chosen" such as the consumption of drugs, alcohol and tobacco
-there are natural, biological variations that occur
-many diseases have multi-causal etiologies; difficult to isolate one cause
-there are natural, biological variations that occur
-many diseases have multi-causal etiologies; difficult to isolate one cause
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What are some problems with using the "Unjust Cause" criterion for health inequity?
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of at least 2 populations
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Determining whether a specific situation is inequitable requires that the health status of _________ be measured and compared.
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-first, one must determine which populations to compare
-second, one must determine the most appropriate measures to use to do so
-second, one must determine the most appropriate measures to use to do so
answer
what are the steps to measuring health inequalities?
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DIFFER; socially or morally (characteristics need to matter to the discrepancies that you are assessing; ex: race, SES, gender, etc.)
answer
First, to analyze two populations to measure for health inequalities, populations should __________ in ways that are ______ or _____ important.
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comparison group; reference
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Second, one needs to establish a _______ that serves explicitly as a _______ against which one or more populations are compared
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-their total population average
-the best-off population
-the most socially advantaged population
-some independently-defined target rate
-the best-off population
-the most socially advantaged population
-some independently-defined target rate
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What 4 criteria needs to be considered when choosing the comparison group?
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NO!!
answer
Is there ONE SINGLE RATIONALE for determining the most ethical and appropriate method to reduce or eliminate health inequalities?
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equality of treatment and equality of outcomes
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when determining the most ethical and appropriate method to reduce or eliminate health inequalities, one must consider the relationship between _______ and _______.
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horizontal equity (equal allocation; ex: universal HC)
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Horizontal or Vertical Equity:
-refers to the equal allocation of resources across a population.
-refers to the equal allocation of resources across a population.
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vertical equity (allocation for different levels; identify high need individuals and get services to them)
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Horizontal or Vertical Equity:
-refers to the allocation of different resources for different levels of need.
-refers to the allocation of different resources for different levels of need.
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HC reform; efforts; ELIMINATE
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The issue of health inequity has not been completely addressed despite _________ and other _____ to ______ it.
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accurate information and analysis
answer
Efforts to address health inequalities and health inequities should be based on ______ AND _______.
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MORAL DUTY
answer
Despite the challenges, there is a _______ to continue to address issues related to health inequalities and inequities.
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