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Biomedicine
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a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing
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disease
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disorder/illness/condition
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Ill health
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a state of poor physical, mental and/or social well-being (not debilitating, just unwell)
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Illness
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disease/period of sickness
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Well-being
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positive feeling/lack of ill health/being well and feeling good
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WHO definition of health
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health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity. shifting the basic premise away from focusing on the individual and disease and towards the whole person and their well-being
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Medical Model
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western medicine. health is the absence of disease. traditional. curative vs. prevention. specialists.
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Wellness Model
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social. preventitive. more than just physical. holistic. self-help. environment, relationships, etc.
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Dimensions of Health
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global, environmental, societal, personal
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Dimensions of health: Environmental
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problem: nobody owns the environment so people do not feel the need to do anything about it
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Dimensions of health: Personal
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mental, physical, emotional, spiritual, sexual, social
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Six interrelated dimensions
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social, environmental, sprititual, physical, intellectual
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Determinants of health
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genetic and biological factors, lifestyle factors, environmental factors, extent and nature of health services
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genetic and biological factors
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family health/history, born with/develop chronic disease, not modifiable
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lifestyle factors
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sleep, diet, exercise, smoking, drinking, etc.
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environmental factors
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where people work/live, air quality, built environment: cities, family/home
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extent and nature of health services
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prevention, attain then maintain
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social determinants
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social class, income, housing, employment, gender, ethnic minorities, geographic location
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Health inequalities
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lifestyles, consequences of lifecourse, psychosocial factors, material disadvantage, limited access
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psychosocial factors
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marginalization, isolation
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combat inequalities
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strengthen individuals, strengthen communities, improve access, healthy public policy
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Insel and Roth Wellness Continuum
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low levels of wellness --> physical, mental, emotional symptoms --> change and grow --> high level of wellness (six dimensions of health are intertwined throughout entire continuum)
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aspects of wellness dot
answer
emotional, environmental, physical, social, and spiritual
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What is healthy people 2030
answer
healthy people identifies public health priorities to help individuals, organizations, and communities across the US to improve health and well-being
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General approach of Healthy People
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set 10 year prevention and health goals, evidence based, extensive collaboration, provides national framework, systematic approach (comprehensive set of national objectives, addresses all determinants of health, measures health status)
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world health organization
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united nations in 1945, 150 countries
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WHO: Ottawa Charter (1986)
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broader understanding of health promotion, shift in focus from individual risk factors to addressing content and meaning of health actions (determinants)
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WHO main areas
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health systems, promotion health though the life-curse, noncommunicable diseases, corporate services, preparedness
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WHO: the settings approach
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shift from individuals to total population, organized community effort, focus on majority of individuals, strategic aim to strengthen the resources for health
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health is produced in the dynamic exchange between people and their environment, creating __, __, and __
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self-esteem, a sense of worth, social capital
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prioritization
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helps identify areas of concern
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planning
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programming, PSA
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justification
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of resources (time, money)
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professional development
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healthy gains
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why measure health?
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prioritization, planning, justification, professional development
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how do we measure health
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depends on the definition of health; quantitative vs. qualitative; proxy measures
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proxy measures
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indirect measure of the desired outcome which is itself strongly correlated to that outcome (ex: bmi, blood test, urine test)
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epidemiology
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study of occurrence and spread of disease (expsoure --> population --> outcome)
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mortality
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death rate
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morbidity
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frequency of disease
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use of healthcare services
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indication of how sick people are, chronic conditions that they aren't taking care of
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ways to measure health
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epidemiological studies
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incidence
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number of new cases in a time period
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prevalence
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percent of people with illness at a specific time or period
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etiology
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study of causes of disease
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causation vs association
answer
Causation states that A causes B
Association states that A and B are associated (correlated) with one another
Association states that A and B are associated (correlated) with one another
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identifying risk
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based on individual and population risk factors; attributable risk
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attributable risk
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how much illness is due to a specific factor
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objective measures
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relatively unbiased, health status, environmental indicators, socioeconomic indicators
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health impact assessment (HIA)
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looks at what might be the health impact of building something right now
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subjective measures
answer
physical well being, functional ability, psychological, social health, QOL (multifaceted), quality adjusted life years (QALYs)
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9 dimensions of wellness
answer
emotional, career, social, spiritual, physical, financial, intellectual, creative, environmental
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promoting health
answer
change in the perception of determinants of health, shift from communicable to chronic disease, importance of primary healthcare and providers
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five key principles for health promotion
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population as a whole in everyday lives, act on the cause/determinants of health, complimentary approaches to HP, encourages self help and personal involvement in health, importance of health care professionals in promoting health
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primary level of prevention
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stops something before it starts; education; immunizations
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secondary level of prevention
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early identification of illness and treatment for existing health problems; health screenings and diagnostic procedures; regiments for treatment of illness
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tertiary level of prevention
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return to optimum level of wellness after illness/injury; prevention of recurrence of problems
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integreated health promotion: promote social change
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advocacy, enablement, mediation
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advocacy
answer
representing; lobbying; policy
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enablement
answer
assisting others to help themselves; identifying assets; removing barriers
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mediation
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between factions; promoting understanding
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