HHD Exam

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)

Refers to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems.
Examples include engaging in regular physical activity, adequate levels of fitness, maintaining a nutritious diet, adequate sleep and rest, free from illness and disease

Refers to the efficient functioning of the mind and thought processes.
Examples include having self esteem, coping with stress, confidence, showing resilience and persistence, setting and achieving goals

Refers to the ability to interact and communicate with others and participate in the community in a positive way. Examples include positive interactions with others, having a strong network of friends, supportive family

Refers to the overall level of health of a population, individual or group and takes into account aspects such as life expectancy, illness, disease, injury and disability (IDID)

A measure of the impact of morbidity and mortality within a population. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY - Disability Adjusted Life Years

A measure of burden of disease. One DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death, illness, disease, injury or disability

An indication of how long a person is expected to live, PROVIDED CURRENT MORTALITY RATES REMAIN THE SAME

The number of years a person is expected to live in full health without reduced functioning due to illness, disease, injury or disability

Refers to death of an individual, group or population

Refers to illness and disease, the ill-health of an individual, group or population

The rate of deaths of children under the age of five years per 1000 live births

The number of cases of a particular condition present during a specific time

The number of new cases of a particular condition present during a specific time

"Generally, Australia matches or leads other developed countries in most aspects of health status"
TIP You will need to analyse data and compare the health status of Australia to other developed countries
TIP When comparing: Similarity = identify data that is similar/same Difference = identify data that is different

Determinants of health are factors that increase or decrease the level of health of an individual, group or population

Factors relating to the body that impact on health
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- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Blood cholesterol
- Birth weight
- Genetics, including sex
- Glucose regulation

Actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impact on health
- Drug misuse
- Alcohol consumption
- Tobacco smoking
- Physical activity levels
- Vaccination status
- Sexual behaviour
- Dietary behaviour
- Risk taking behaviour

Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health
- SocIOEconomic status (Income, Occupation, Education)
- Social exclusion
- Stress
- Food security
- Work and employment
- Early life experiences
- Access to health care and health services

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play
- Climate and climate change
- Housing
- Air quality
- Work environment
- Infrastructure
- Recreation settings

Health status of Indigenous Australians
- Life expectancy is approximately 11 years less than NI
- Experience mortality rates 3-4 times higher than NI
- Suffer from higher rates of infant mortality, mental health problems, non-communicable diseases than NI

BIOLOGICAL:
- Higher rates of overweight/obesity, hypertension, low birth rate babies
BEHAVIOURAL:
- Higher rates of smoking, RISKY alcohol consumption and drug misuse, high fat diet, unsafe sexual practices
SOCIAL:
- Low socioeconomic status (income, occupation, education), social exclusion and discrimination, higher rates of food security, lack of access to healthcare
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
- Poor housing, lack of geographical access to resources including healthcare, higher speed limits on roads

Health status of Australian males V females
- Males life expectancy is approx 5 years lower than females
- Males experience higher mortality rates, but lower morbidity rates
Males experience higher rates of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, injuries, overweight, violence

BIOLOGICAL:
- Higher rates of obesity AND hypertension in males
BEHAVIOURAL:
- Males are more likely to smoke, eat diets high in fat and low in fruit and vegetable consumption, take risks
- Males are less likely to visit doctors, take notice of health promotion messages, value good health
SOCIAL:
- Males often have higher socioeconomic status, more dangerous occupation, and more peer pressure
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
- Males have more exposure to dangerous workplaces including building sites, farms, mines, roads, outdoor areas (UV exposure)

People living in lower socioeconomic groups experience:
- Lower life expectancy
- Higher rates of preventable deaths caused by non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer

BIOLOGICAL:
- Higher rates of obesity, hypertension and low birth weight babies
BEHAVIOURAL:
- More likely to smoke, higher rates of risk taking
- Lower levels of physical activity and immunization
- Less likely to consume fruit and vegetables
SOCIAL:
- More likely to be unemployed, have lower education levels and experience food insecurity
- Higher rates of social exclusion, less likely to access health care
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:
- Poorer housing, more dangerous work environments

Those living in rural and remote areas experience lower life expectancy than city dwellers and higher rates of:
- mortality, preventable cancers including skin and lung, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, injuries

BIOLOGICAL
- Higher rates of obesity, hypertension, low birth rate babies, blood cholesterol
BEHAVIOURAL
- More likely to smoke and drink alcohol at risky levels
- Lower levels of physical activity
SOCIAL
- Lower socioeconomic status
- Higher rates of unemployment, social isolation, food insecurity, more dangerous occupations
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
- Dangerous workplaces, lack of geographical access to health services, education, recreation facilities

The NHPAs are a collaborative initiative of all levels of government which seek to address the conditions which contribute significantly to the burden of disease in Australia.