question
Normal human microbiota
answer
Prevent invasion of pathogens
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Forms of bacteria
answer
Bacilli, cocci, spiral, other
(names genus species)
(names genus species)
question
Bacteria cell
answer
Procaryotic, unicellular, single chromosome nucleoid not enclosed by nuclear membrane, reproduce binary fission
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Mammal cell
answer
eucaryotic, multicellular, reproduce by mitosis and meiosis, strands of dna enclosed by nuclear membrane
question
Gram staining procedure
answer
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
question
gram positive
answer
stains purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan
question
gram negative
answer
pink, thin peptidoglycan layer
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Bacteria growth
answer
increase in number of cells not size
question
Binary fission
answer
replicates mother's cells chromosomal dna, splits to daughter cells that each contain one chromosome
question
growth depends on
answer
abiotic and bionic factors
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abiotic factors
answer
Nonliving components of environment.- nutrients, o2 level, temp, water
question
biotic factors
answer
living parts of an ecosystem- comeptition, predation,
question
Aerobic bacteria
answer
Need O2
question
Strict anaerobic bacteria
answer
Do not need O2, O2 may kill them
question
Facultative anaerobic bacteria
answer
Grow better with O2 but can grow without it
question
Transcription
answer
the transfer of genetic information from DNA to mRNA
question
Bacteria's must _____ for their cell functions
answer
Make Proteins
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Translation
answer
The process of converting genetic information encoded in mRNA into proteins made of amino acids
question
Transcription
answer
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
question
Genetic recombination
answer
new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment (bacterial diversity and survival depend on it)
question
Conjugation
answer
plasma transfer containing genetic information through direct contact
question
Transformation
answer
free DNA transfer , used by competent bacteria , allow foreign dna to enter
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Transduction
answer
bacteriophage transfer through gene from donor bacteria
question
Zones of inhibition
answer
Different sizes reveal bacterial susceptibility to 5 antibiotics
question
modes of bacterial transmission to humans
answer
- direct contact
- indirect contact
- contaminated blood
- respiratory droplets
- airborne
- animal vectors
- insect vectors
- indirect contact
- contaminated blood
- respiratory droplets
- airborne
- animal vectors
- insect vectors
question
Exoenzymes
answer
protein released from bacterium during growth and metabolism, gram + -, variable toxicity, specific for each enzyme
question
Exotoxins
answer
Protein released from bacterium during growth and metabolism, mainly gram +, specific for each toxic, high toxicity
question
Endotoxin
answer
Lipopolysaccharide within cell wall released when bacterium dies by lysis, gram - only, similar for all endotoxins, minimal toxicity
question
Bacterial Exoenzymes
answer
proteins that increase the spread of bacteria by damaging nearby human cells or protecting bacteria from phagocytosis
question
Bacterial exotoxin
answer
Highly toxic soluble proteins that can penetrate plasma membrane of human cells and rapidly spread though body to sites that are far from the site of bacterial colonizatoin
question
Types of exotoxins
answer
cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins
question
_______ are more common and usually easier to treat than _______ that spread thoughout the body
answer
localized infections, systemic infections
question
Blood stream infections
answer
fever, chill, rash ----> sepsis, shock, organ failure
question
Central nervous system infectious
answer
altered mental status, fever ---> rapid detrioration and death if not treated
question
Leukocytosis
answer
elevated number of white blood cells
question
Leukopenia
answer
Low number of white blood cells
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Neutrophils
answer
Target bacterial infections, % will be higher than normal
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Lymphocytes
answer
Target viral infections, % will be higher than normal
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Culture
answer
traditional method to identify species and test for antibiotic resistance but is slow and labor intensive
question
Lab diagnosis of bacterial infections
answer
- rapid tests
- home screenings
- home collected tests that are processed
- antibody tests
- PCR tests
- ELISA antigen tests that test for bacterial meningitis
- home screenings
- home collected tests that are processed
- antibody tests
- PCR tests
- ELISA antigen tests that test for bacterial meningitis
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