HLTH 4280 midterm

understand the progress that has been made;

understand the challenges that remain;

diseases are not limited by national boundaries;

health disparities among groups;

link between health and development

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a sanitary environment

promotion of handwashing;

education on HIV/AIDS;

screening for breast cancer;

educating and promoting seat belt wearing;

mass chemotherapy for roundworm infection

focus (PH: population, M: individual);

ethical basis (PH: public service, M: personal service);

emphasis (PH: disease prevention & health promotion, M: disease diagnosis, treatment, and care for individuals);

interventions (PH: broad spectrum, M: emphasis on medical care)

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide

eradication of polio,

prevalence of TB,

prevalence of malaria,

HIV/AIDS,

incidence of Diabetes and hypertension worldwide,

female infanticide,

abortions,

emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

Determinants of health,

measurement of health status,

importance of culture to health,

global burden of disease,

key risk factors,

demographic and epidemiologic transitions,

organization and function of health systems,

links among health, education, poverty and equity

Environmental health'

nutrition;

women's health;

child health;

communicable diseases;

non-communicable diseases;

unintentional diseases

$995 or less

$996 to $3,945

$3,946 to $12,195

$12,196+

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

Formulated in 2000;

8 MDGs and 15 core targets;

Countries signed pledged to meet goals by 2015;

Explicit statement of goals for development efforts;

all related to health, whether directly or indirectly;

important to understanding global health issues

Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty

Achieve universal primary education

Promote gender equality and empower women

reduce child mortality

improve maternal health

Combate diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability

Develop a global partnership for development

the interconnected factors that determine an individual's health status

Personal features, social status, culture, environment, educational attainment, health behaviors, childhood development, access to care, government policy

useful for finding which diseases people suffer from, determining the extent to which the diseases causes death or disability, practicing disease surveillance

sickness or any departure, subjective, or objective from a psychology or physiological state of well-being

Death

temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function; cannot perform at maximum ability

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified time period; existing number of cases at a certain time

the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population; new cases

average number of years a newborn baby could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborns life.

number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year

the number of deaths to infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births in that year

the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births

illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spread directly or indirectly from people to people. animals to people, or people to animals.

illnesses not spread by an infectious agent

includes road traffic injuries, falls, self-inflicted injuries, and violence, among other things

systems record births, deaths, and causes of death; an accurate system is key to having quality data on a population; system is lacked in low- and middle-income countries

summarizes expected number of years to be lived in what might be termed the equivalent of good health

example: age is 80 years in the US, someone dies at 40....loses 40 years.

a unit for measuring the amount of health lost because of a particular disease or injury

"health gap measure," indicating losses due to illness, disability and premature death in a population

higher income countries tend to have a greater burden of noncommunicable disease;
lower income countries to have a greater burden of communicable disease;
Africa and South Asia are set apart by their large burden of communicable disease

children in low- and middle-income countries often die of communicable disease;
HIV/AIDS and TB are among the leading causes of death among adults in low- and middle-income countries

Malnutrition, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and unsafe sex.

Majority of population growth will occur in low- and middle-income countries;
puts pressure on the environment;
create need for more infrastructure and services

Population of the world is aging;
implications for burden of disease because people will be living longer with morbidities and disabilities

Majority of the world's population lives in urban areas for the first time;
enormous pressure on urban infrastructure like water and sanitation

Highest income countries: low fertility, declining populations, aging populations
Lowest income countries: relatively high fertility, growing populations

shift from pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality;
mortality declines due to better hygiene and nutrition;
population grows with younger share of population increasing;
fertility declines;
population growth slows and older share of population increases

shift from burden of disease dominated by communicable disease to burden of disease dominated by noncommunicable disease;
most low-income countries are in ongoing transition so they face large burdens of communicable and noncommunicable disease

Economies of low-income countries need to grow in order to invest in health;
impact of economic development will depend on countries investing in areas that improve health such as water, sanitation, and education

Development of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics;
country's ability to adopt these changes will determine their effect on health

impact not entirely clear;
possible migration from places that become inhabitable;
adverse water;
possible change in populations of disease vectors

Necessary for long-term gains in health;
instability causes illness, disability and death as well as breakdown of infrastructure and services

occurrence and impact difficult to predict;
anti-microbial resistance

highest in Africa,
moderately high in latin america,
low but growing in Asia,
central and eastern europe experiencing exponential growth

economies that depend on 1-3 key exports

stunted growth,
weakened immune systems,
higher infection levels,
shorter life spans

Financial global core viewed as wealthy industrialized nations;
developing areas as periphery;
variations in life expectancy;
colonial legacies

specialized economies;
weak internal political structure;
low standard of living;
high potential for class conflict and political instability;
repressive rulers or governing bodies

medium level health risks pay up to $300/day for hospitalizations

pays for catastrophic health risks

helps the poor pay medical expenses not paid by the other plans

started in 1972, members include street merchants, domestic workers, laborerers- a type of union provides-social security program that insures health, life and assets, has a bank

Health and education of parents affects health and education of children; malnutrition and disease affect cognitive development; education contributes to disease prevention

Good health increases longevity, lifetime earnings; healthy workers are more productive than unhealthy workers

Costs of health care are high; llness often leads to a decrease in earnings; poor people when sick temporarily falls below the poverty line; poor countries - out of pocket expense for healthcare is maximum

Enormous variance in basic indicators of health across countries; largely, but not completely varies by income

Some countries have substantial variation in health indicators across population groups; tend to be low- and middle-income countries or high-income countries with significant ethnic minorities; in india under 5 child mortality rate varies across different states; in usa the life expectancy for a white american male is higher than for a black american male

Urban dwellers tend to enjoy better health status, coverage, and access to services than rural dwellers; rural people tend to have lower incomes, less education, less access to services, and weaker political voice; stunted growth of a child more prevalent among rural dwellers as compared to urban population; urban women use contraceptive methods more as compared to rural population

Large gap in access, coverage, fairness, and benefits between less well off and better off; richer population will have less of underweight children and will very likely immunize their child as compared to poor population in a same region

"Being born female is dangerous to your health"; women face health concerns related to their diminished place in many societies

Examples: females infanticide, less food for female children, lower enrollment in school, violence against women

strong association between ethnicity and health status, access, and coverage; linked to strong association between ethnicity and power, education, and income

Substantial out-of-pocket costs for poor in low-income countries; benefit of public subsidies often received by better off people

expenditure by any level of government or government agency

expenditure by sources other than the government such as a non-governmental organization

expenditure by individuals that is not covered or reimbursed by an insurance program

compares cost of an intervention with the amount of health that can be purchased with that investment;
compares alternative approaches to achieving a specific goal/intervention, such as TB drug therapy; compares different interventions to assist investment choices, can help to set priorities among different ways of achieving a health goal

communications, finance, global industrial concerns, health promotion and health care, insurance, technology, food distribution systems